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Those against multiculturalism usually express concern about one or more of its aspects: immigration, language, culture, and race.

Immigration. Large-scale immigration fuels the debate over multiculturalism perhaps more than any other element. The presence of newcomers dissimilar from the native population typically generates negative reactions that can range from suspicion and anxiety to outright hostility. Prompting this response might be resentment against the changing nature of society, fears about economic competition (jobs, wages), or increased social welfare costs borne by taxpayers.

Language. Newcomers normally speak their own language with compatriots and only slowly acquire mastery of the new language. In the United States, where most native-born Americans are monolingual, the presence of so many individuals with limited English proficiency--compounded by bilingual education and signs--raises the ire of many who insist on rapid assimilation. A good example is passage by 30 states of official English laws to reduce the language aspect of multiculturalism.

Culture. When people assume the homogeneity of their culture (even though most societies have heterogeneous subcultures), they have a sense of a national identity, a feeling that they share with their fellow citizens a commonality of values and practices. If too many others speak a different language, hold beliefs unlike theirs, and do not identify with or participate in mainstream social institutions, the native population fears a loss of social cohesion and national identity.

Race. Most difficult to overcome of all objections to multiculturalism is a growing presence of racial minorities, especially if it is a significant demographic change or occurs in a previously homogeneous region. Except for extremist group members, few talk openly about race in their opposition to multiculturalism. Yet racial bias is often a prime factor. Whether subtle or overt, peaceful or violent, racial animosities are another manifestation of opposition to multiculturalism.

Bibliography:

1) Hollinger, David A. 2006. Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism. Rev. ed. New York: Basic Books.

2) Kivisto, Peter. 2002. Multiculturalism in a Global Society. New York: Blackwell.

3) Okin, Susan Moller. 1999. Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

4) Parrillo, Vincent N. 2008. Diversity in America. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

5) Phillips, Anne. 2007. Multiculturalism without Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

6) Taylor, Charles. 1994. Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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