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Pornography is a booming business, with conservative estimates at $10-$14 billion a year just in the United States. Even many mainstream companies gross millions from pornographic sales. For example, pornographic films in hotel rooms generate nearly $190 million a year for hotels. In fact, more than 10,000 adult films are released every year in the United States, compared to about 400 Hollywood films.
Technological advances have played an integral role in the proliferation of pornography. The introduction of the VCR in the 1970s forever changed the ability to consume pornography privately rather than in an adult theater. Pay-per-view adult films made viewing pornography even more accessible. Finally, the Internet has made pornography readily available. Research estimates that 1 in 4 regular Internet users visits a pornographic Web site at least once a month.
The adult film industry employs many men and women, although careers are often short lived. Women generally earn more than men in the pornography industry. The industry's biggest growth market in consumers is women and couples. Many women are now directing and owning adult film companies that appeal to a female audience. Although testing for sexually transmitted infections and HIV is mandated as a part of workplace safety laws, cases of transmission do occur, as unprotected sex is still normative for many adult film companies. Despite the growth of the adult film industry, this type of work has not gained societal acceptance and remains highly stigmatized and subject to legal scrutiny.
Critics voice concern that women, especially, are coerced into pornography; this view is supported by accounts from people formerly involved in pornography that corroborate these assertions. In contrast, vocal advocates of the pornography industry cite individual choice, freedom, and autonomy. Numerous actresses from the industry have publicly supported their career choices and denied allegations of abuse and coercion in pornography.
Consumer demand for pornography shows no signs of waning, and the industry is a major source of revenue. Scholarly and legal attention to pornography will continue because of the myriad social, political, moral, and health factors involved in evaluating and regulating pornography.
References:
1) Berger, Ronald J., Patricia Searles, and Charles E. Cottle. 1991. Feminism and Pornography. New York: Praeger.
2) Davis, Murray S. 1985. Smut: Erotic Reality/Obscene Ideology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3) Donnerstein, Edward I., Daniel Linz, and Steven Penrod. 1987. The Question of Pornography: Research Findings and Policy Implications. New York: Free Press.
4) Dworkin, Andrea. 1981. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. London: Women's Press.
5) Linz, Daniel and Neal M. Malamuth. 1993. Pornography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
6) Osanka, Franklin Mark and Sara Lee Johann. 1990. Sourcebook on Pornography. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
7) Soble, Alan. 2002. Pornography, Sex, and Feminism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus.
8) Strossen, Nadine. 2000. Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex, and the Fight for Women's Rights. New York: New York University Press.
9) Zillmann, Dolf and Bryant Jennings. 1989. Pornography: Research Advances and Policy Considerations. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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