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Despite the gradual increase in legislative and political responses to terrorism during the late 20th century, the enormous impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on counterterrorism approaches was unpredictable, as counterterrorism efforts expanded considerably on both the national and international levels. The United States took the lead in passing the USA PATRIOT Act, allowing the detention and trial of terrorist suspects in military tribunals, and creating a new department, the Department of Homeland Security, specifically designed to respond to the terrorist threat. Furthermore, counterterrorism measures expanded to the military field when the United States and selected North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations undertook military operations in October 2001 against the Taliban government in Afghanistan, which was offering support to Al-Qaeda members.

The military invasion in Iraq in March 2003 was politically incorporated in the so-called war on terror, thereby giving that expression more than mere metaphorical meaning. Although revelations about the decision to invade Iraq showed it less clearly related to the terrorist threat, ongoing conditions in Iraq as well as the internationally contentious struggles over the war's relationship with terrorism have influenced the debate over the proper response to terrorism. Most remarkable is that many nations across the world and a variety of international governing bodies instituted new legislative and political policies similar to those implemented in the United States. For instance, new anti-terrorist laws expanding policing powers against terrorist suspects passed in many nations also considered under the threat of international terrorist groups.

International governing bodies, such as the United Nations and the European Union, similarly adopted new measures to ensure international cooperation against terrorism. What these developments show is a trend toward the treatment of terrorism as an issue of national and global security.

References:

1) Deflem, Mathieu. 2004. "Social Control and the Policing of Terrorism: Foundations for a Sociology of Counter- Terrorism." American Sociologist 35(2):75-92.

2) Deflem, Mathieu.. 2004. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Criminological Perspectives. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.

3) Deflem, Mathieu. 2006. "Global Rule of Law or Global Rule of Law Enforcement? International Police Cooperation and Counter-Terrorism." The Annals 603:240-51.

4) Heymann, Philip B. 2004. Terrorism, Freedom, and Security: Winning without War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

5) Pious, Richard M. 2006. The War on Terrorism and the Rule of Law. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

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