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Charles de Gaulle was the military and political leader of the Free French Forces and the French government in exile during World War II. After the war, he was the moving force behind the creation of France's Fifth Republic.

De Gaulle was raised in an intensely nationalistic family and was educated at the Military Academy of Saint-Cyr. He joined an infantry regiment under Colonel Henri-Philippe Petain in 1913 and quickly made an impression with his intelligence and initiative. With the outbreak of World War I, he also proved himself a courageous officer, participating in the defense of Verdun, in which he was wounded three times. De Gaulle was captured by the Germans and served two years and eight months in a prisoner of war camp, making five valiant, though unsuccessful, attempts to escape.

After World War I, De Gaulle served as a member of a military mission to Poland, then became an instructor at Saint-Cyr. He underwent two years of special training in strategy and tactics at the Ecole Superieure de Guerre, the French war college, and upon his graduation in 1925 was promoted by Petain to the staff of the Conseil Superieur de la Guerre, the Supreme War Council. It was a most prestigious appointment.

Now a major, De Gaulle served during 1927–29 in the army occupying the Rhineland. During this period, he became alarmed by the danger he believed Germany continued to pose. After his Rhineland assignment, he served for two years in the Middle East, then, as a lieutenant colonel, served for four years as a member of the secretariat of the Conseil Superieur de la Defense Nationale, the National Defense Council. While serving in the field as well as in staff posts, De Gaulle also turned his attention to the formulation of military theory and doctrine. In 1924, he wrote a study of the relation of the civil and military powers in Germany, "Discord Among the Enemy." He also lectured on the subject of leadership, publishing these lectures in 1932 as The Edge of the Sword. Two years later, he published a study of military theory, The Army of the Future, developing in this work the idea of a small professional army based on a high degree of mechanization for maximum flexibility and mobility. This was, in fact, German policy between the wars, but it was directly opposed to the defensive, static strategy favored in France and embodied most dramatically in the Maginot Line. Never content to allow his ideas to be taken as merely academic, de Gaulle appealed directly to political leaders in an attempt to persuade them to his point of view. This provoked great discord with de Gaulle's commanders and senior officers, including Marshal Petain himself, who protested de Gaulle's right to publish a historical study titled France and Her Army. De Gaulle prevailed, and the work was published in 1938. . .

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