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The infamous Nazi doctor, known to the inmates of Auschwitz as the "Angel of Death," Mengele, who held a Ph.D. as well as an M.D., became interested in "racial science" in 1934 as a member of the Nazi regime's Hereditary Institute for Biology and Racial Hygiene. He joined the National Socialist (Nazi) Party in 1937, and the following year the S.S. (Schutzstaffel).

Assigned to Auschwitz, his duties included organizing the "selection," separating, as they came off the train, the prisoners who would be consigned to barracks from those who would be immediately sent to the gas chambers. He hid his malignant purpose beneath a benign, appealing personality that disarmed his terrified victims. As Grete Salus, an Auschwitz survivor described him, "He stood before us, the handsome devil. . . . He radiated an air of lightness and peacefulness, a welcome contrast to the environs. With utter docility, the people went to the right or the left, wherever the master waved them. Sometimes, a daughter did not want to be separated from her mother, but the words 'You'll see each other tomorrow, after all' would reassure them completely." In addition to the initial selections, he also supervised many of the later selections among the laborers in the camp. The experienced prisoners knew that they had to appear robust and healthy to avoid being sent to the gas chambers. In his memoir Night, Elie Wiesel recalls that at one selection, fear sent him racing by Mengele so quickly that the doctor, surprised, just let him pass.

But Mengele's principal interest at the camp was research, such as conducting experiments on pairs of twins and on dwarfs, using them as guinea pigs to test various racial hypotheses. For example, he dripped chemicals into his subjects' eyes to see if they would change color. At the end of his experimentation, he usually killed his subjects by injecting chloroform into their hearts, so that he could then study their internal organs.

When Auschwitz was abandoned by the Germans in January 1945, Mengele moved to the Mauthausen camp in Austria. From there he escaped to Argentina and later to Brazil, successfully evading capture up to the time of his death in a swimming accident in 1979.

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