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British prime minister from May 28, 1937, to May 10, 1940, Neville Chamberlain wanted to avoid another world war and embarked upon a disastrous Appeasement Policy in an attempt to stem the ambitions of Adolf Hitler and, at the very least, buy time for Britain to prepare defenses against fascist Italy, which the prime minister considered the more immediate threat. Born in Birmingham, the son of statesman Joseph Chamberlain, young Neville was sent to Andros Island in the Bahamas to manage his father's sisal plantation. With this practical training in business behind him, he returned to Birmingham and became a successful industrialist. In 1915, he was elected the city's lord mayor and in December 1916, during World War I, joined the coalition government of Prime Minister David Lloyd George as director general of national service. Frustrated by the limited scope of authority in this position, Chamberlain resigned in August 1917 and, the following year, entered Parliament as a Conservative. Chamberlain was Britain's postmaster general during 1922-23, paymaster general of the armed forces in 1923, minister of health in 1923 and from 1924 to 1929, then again in 1931, and, finally, chancellor of the exchequer during 1923-24 and from 1931 to 1937. He became prime minister on May 28, 1937, assuming the reins of a government that desperately wished to avoid war, even as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were becoming increasingly aggressive in voicing their expansionist designs.

Chamberlain was more fearful of the extravagantly bellicose Mussolini than of Hitler, and he was especially anxious to drive a wedge between the Italian fascist and the German Nazi. In an effort to appease Mussolini, he agreed, on April 16, 1938, to recognize Italian control over Ethiopia, despite the pleas of Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie. He also insisted on absolute British neutrality with regard to the Spanish civil war (1936-39), in which both Italy and Germany were involved. Finally, in an effort to demonstrate Britain's peaceful intentions, Chamberlain authorized the abandonment of Britain's naval bases in Ireland. Although Chamberlain argued that this was largely a symbolic gesture, many in British politics, chief among them Winston Churchill, protested this as a show of weakness and a serious diminishment of Britain's defenses. . .

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