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As head of state of Nationalist China, Chiang Kai-shek was a major, albeit often difficult, ally of the United States and Great Britain against Japan, which had been waging war against China since the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, a conflict that melted into World War II. Born into a merchant and farmer family in Chekiang (Zhejiang), Chiang graduated from the Paoting (Baoding) Military Academy in 1906, then continued his military education in Japan during 1907-11. He served in the Japanese army from 1909 to 1911 and learned much from this experience. Like many other young Chinese intellectuals of the period, Chiang became a revolutionary, determined to modernize China by bringing about the overthrow of the corrupt and backward Manchu dynasty. While he was in Japan, in 1911, Chiang heard news of widespread revolution at home. He returned to China and participated in the more-or-less desultory combat that overthrew the tottering Manchus. No sooner was the dynasty toppled, however, than Yuan Shih-k'ai (Yuan Shikai), officially president, manifested a desire to become the new Chinese emperor. During 1913-16, Chiang participated in the fight to overthrown Yuan.

For more than a year, during 1916-17, Chiang slipped out of the spotlight and became involved, in Shanghai, with the Green Gang (Ch'ing-pang [Qingbang]), a secret society that, in the chaotic aftermath of revolution, engaged in nefarious financial manipulations. However, Chiang emerged again in 1918, this time as a lieutenant to Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (Guomindang). Sun's goal was to unify China, and toward this end, he began to reorganize the Nationalist Party according to the Soviet model. Chiang visited the USSR in 1923, where he closely observed the Red Army. On his return to China, he was named commandant of a military academy, which he ran according to Soviet principles. The Nationalists embraced the Chinese Communists, welcoming them into the party. But after Sun's death in 1925, the Communist faction grew increasingly strong and threatened to take over the Nationalists. . .

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