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Nikita Khrushchev was born in Kalinovka, Ukraine, the son of a coal miner and the grandson of a serf. He had a rudimentary education then moved with his family to the mining town of Yuzovka (later named Stalino, now Donetsk) near the Donets River, where he went to work as a pipe fitter at age 15. His factory job allowed him to escape conscription in the tsar's army during World War I. In the course of the war, he became increasingly active in labor organizations and, by 1918, was a Bolshevik, a member of the Russian Communist Party. He joined the Red Army in January 1919 and served as a junior commissar, fighting the Whites as well as the invading Polish armies in 1920.

In 1922 Khrushchev enrolled in a Soviet worker's school in Yuzovka and received the equivalent of a high school education. He became secretary of the Communist Party Committee at the school and, in 1924, married his second wife, the schoolteacher Nina Petrovna, his first wife having died in a famine.

By 1925, Khrushchev was full-time party secretary of the Petrovsko-Mariinsk district of Yuzovka. Lazar M. Kaganovich, one of Joseph Stalin's lieutenants and secretary-general of the Ukrainian Party's Central Committee, took notice of Khrushchev and made him a nonvoting delegate to the 14th Party Congress in Moscow. After this, Khrushchev became an active party organizer in Yuzovka, Kharkov, and Kiev.

In 1929, Khrushchev enrolled at the Stalin Industrial Academy in Moscow to study metallurgy. He was quickly appointed secretary of the academy's Party Committee and, in 1931, returned to full-time party work in Moscow. In 1933, he was named second secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee and spent the rest of the decade solidifying his position in Moscow politics.

Khrushchev supervised the completion of the Moscow Metro (subway), for which he was decorated with the Order of Lenin in 1935, and he was elevated to first secretary of the Moscow city and regional party organization, becoming effectively the governor of Moscow. An ardent Stalinist, Khrushchev was one of the few close associates Stalin trusted. He became a member of the Constitutional Committee in 1936, an alternate member of the Politburo in 1937, and also a member of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the Supreme Soviet. In 1938, Khrushchev, as a candidate member of the Politburo, was sent to Kiev as first secretary of the Ukrainian party organization, and in 1939 he became a full member of the Politburo. . .

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