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Best known as one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP, 1921) and the founder of the People's Republic of China (1949), Mao was also a grassroots military leader of great tactical and strategic skill, and he was a charismatic leader of troops.

He was born to a prosperous family of Hunan peasant landowners and was educated at the local elementary school, where the curriculum emphasized classical Chinese Confucian thought. In October 1911, Mao left school after forces under the revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen, (Sun Yixian) overthrew the Qing (Ch'ing, or Manchu) dynasty. Mao fought in the revolution of 1911-12 as an orderly in a militia unit until he was summoned home by his father, who sent the youth to a trade school, which he attended during 1912-13. In 1913, Mao moved to the provincial capital of Changsha and enrolled in the normal school, intending to become a teacher. In 1918, however, he moved to Beijing (Peking), supporting himself as a clerk in the library of Beijing University. In 1919, he returned to Hunan and secured an appointment as a teacher at the Changsha Normal School, having by this time acquired a reputation as a political intellectual.

After marrying Yang Kaihui (K'ai-hui), daughter of one of his teachers, Mao served as Hunan's chief delegate to the founding congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. With the rest of the CCP, he joined the Nationalist Party--the Kuomintang (Guomindang, KMT)--in 1923 and was elected as an alternate member of the KMT Shanghai Executive Committee in 1924. A bout of illness forced his return to Hunan, and as he convalesced, he drifted inexorably to the left. Mao organized unauthorized unions of laborers and peasants, provoking authorities to issue a warrant for his arrest. He fled to Canton in 1925, where he worked as a radical journalist. His journalism helped gain him entry into the inner circle of KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), who appointed Mao head of the KMT's propaganda section.

Mao and Chiang soon came into conflict, and in May 1926 Mao was removed from the propaganda post. He joined the Peasant Movement Training Institute, a radical, far-left CCP cell, and by April 1927, the divide between the KMT and the CCP had become too great to bridge. Chiang repudiated the KMT alliance with the CCP and launched his Northern Campaign against CCP units. Mao retreated underground and, acting independently even of the CCP, put together a revolutionary army. He led it in the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan during September 8-19. After the uprising failed, Mao was ejected from the CCP. Instead of giving up, however, he regrouped the remnants of his army--his most loyal followers--and retreated with them into the mountains, where he made an alliance with another CCP outcast, Zhu De (Chu Teh). Together, in 1928, they formed a peasant army called the Mass Line, with which they boldly set about creating their own republic, the Jiangxi (Kiangsi) Soviet. By 1934, the Soviet numbered some 15 million people. . .

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