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During the summer of 1874, Bell made experiments on a teaching aid for the deaf called the phonoautograph, which was made from a dead man's ear. Speaking into this device caused the ear membrane to vibrate and move a lever, which wrote a wavelike pattern of speech on smoked glass. Bell thought it might be possible to use a membrane to vary an electric current in intensity with the spoken word. He also thought that multiple metal reeds (or springs) tuned to different frequencies could be used to convert the electric current back into sound.

When Bell revealed his secret work on his harmonic telegraph to his two students' parents--Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer and the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf, and Thomas Sanders, a prosperous businessman--both showed interest in funding his research. In February, 1875, Hubbard, Sanders, and Bell signed an agreement that supported Bell financially in return for equal shares from any patent he developed. Anthony Pollok, Hubbard's patent attorney, would handle patent matters. Bell hired Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic, as his assistant. In the following month, Bell met with Joseph Henry, who had pioneered electromagnetism and helped Samuel F. B. Morse with the telegraph. The scientist advised Bell to get the necessary electrical knowledge, drop the work on his harmonic telegraph, and concentrate on transmission of speech by electricity.

In June, 1875, Bell and Watson were working on the harmonic telegraph when he heard a sound come through the receiver. Watson had accidentally plucked one of the reeds. Also, one of the contact screws had been set too tightly, allowing current to run continuously. Bell realized that only one reed, not multiple ones, was needed, and that continuous current was essential for transmission of sound. Watson built the first telephone the next day. Called a "gallows" telephone because of its frame, it had a diaphragm substituted for the reed. It was able to transmit a few odd sounds, but not clear speech. Bell was very much disappointed, and his experimenting slowed through the rest of the year. He spent some time writing a patent application to protect his ideas even though he had not built a working model for his telephone. Fortunately, the U.S. Patent Office at that time did not require that a working model accompany a patent application. . .

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