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Enrico Fermi was the third child of Alberto Fermi and Ida de Gattis. Enrico was very close to his elder (and favorite) brother, Giulio, and they shared an interest in physics and mathematics. Both were very intelligent and enjoyed building mechanical and electrical toys. Enrico's mother inspired her children by her own example of love, hard work, and discipline.

When Fermi was about fourteen, Giulio died unexpectedly during a simple surgery. Fermi was devastated and for diversion devoted himself to deeper and more challenging studies in physics and mathematics. Fortunately, he soon found a new friend in schoolmate Enrico Perisco, who had similar interests. They enjoyed working together on many scientific projects, such as building gyroscopes and measuring the Earth's magnetic field.

Fermi was even more fortunate in finding a mentor in his father's friend and colleague Adolfo Amidei, a university-trained engineer. Amidei noticed Fermi's dedication to physics and mathematics and started lending him books on those subjects. One of the first books Fermi borrowed was on projection geometry, a difficult subject. When Fermi returned it in about two months, he had mastered all the chapters and had solved all the problems in the book--about two hundred of them. Amidei was very impressed, since he had found some of these problems too difficult to solve. Over the next four years, Fermi was introduced to books on other branches of mathematics. Fermi excelled at solving problems and was blessed with a prodigious memory.

In July, 1918, Fermi received his diploma from the liceo (secondary school) and, on the advice of Amidei, joined the Scuola Normale Superiore at Pisa. This elite college, attached to the University of Pisa, admitted only forty of Italy's top students, who were given free board and lodging. Fermi performed exceedingly well in the highly competitive entrance exam. He completed his university education after only four years of research and studies, receiving his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pisa and his undergraduate diploma from the Scuola Normale Superiore in July, 1922. He became an expert theoretical physicist and a talented experimentalist. This rare combination provided a solid foundation for all his subsequent inventions.

After postdoctoral work at the University of Gottingen, in Germany (1922-1923), and the University of Leiden, in the Netherlands (fall, 1924), Fermi took an interim position at the University of Florence in December, 1924. The following year, he wrote an important paper in statistical mechanics, which led to his first important discovery, known as Fermi-Dirac statistics. (Paul Dirac published his independent discovery in 1926.) At the atomic level, the behavior of particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons is governed by quantum mechanics.

Fermi's statistical theory helped to explain the group behavior of the particles, later named fermions. The statistical theory also helped to explain the atomic structure of elements, the conduction of electrons in metals and semiconductors, and even the structure of neutron stars. . .

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