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The term repatriation refers to the return of individuals, human remains, cultural property, or other artifacts to their homelands or to their original owners. Repatriation applies to such processes as the return of the bodies of foreign soldiers after a war; the restoration of Native American artifacts from museums to their proper burial places; or the replacement or reimbursement of currency, art, and other items of worth to Holocaust survivors. Repatriation of refugees, displaced persons, and migrants involves the deportation of a populace from a country of residence and their resettlement in their country of origin. This may be a voluntary return or a forced return migration. In the United States, mass repatriation has occurred with Mexican migrants, especially during economic downturns.

There are several periods of mass deportation and repatriation in U.S. history, most notably the repatriation of Mexican migrants in the 1930s. During the peak years of the Great Depression, the Hoover administrations adopted the policy of "American jobs for 'real' Americans." By means of social and political pressure, harassment, raids, and roundups, nearly one-third of the Mexican population in the United States was repatriated. Those repatriated included Mexican nationals as well as U.S. citizens of Mexican descent. Trainloads of returnees were left in unfamiliar towns in Mexico with little or no economic means. In 2005, California passed the Apology Act for the 1930s Mexican Repatriation Program. While offering no reparations for the loss of properties, the divisions in families, and the death of an untold number in transit, the bill did offer an official acknowledgment of the harm caused by the policies of the 1930s.

Deportations and repatriation of Mexicans continue today. Since 2004, the United States has repatriated more than 14,000 Mexican nationals annually under a homeland security program aimed at limiting undocumented Mexican migration. This effort to reduce the number of illegal border crossings offers migrants the option of "interior" repatriation to their hometowns rather than apprehension and release at the border. These repatriations include flights from the United States to Mexico City or Guadalajara or bus transportation to the hometown of the migrant. In 2004, the program cost the U.S. government more than $15.4 million and has been criticized as largely ineffective in curbing undocumented migration.

Reference:

Guerin-Gonzales, Camille. 1994. Mexican Workers and American Dreams: Immigration, Repatriation, and California Farm Labor, 1900-1939. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

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