Today, child abuse and neglect is widely recognized as a major social problem and policy issue in the United States and throughout much of the world. During the last 50 years, the United States and many of the world's nations have responded to child abuse and neglect with legislative efforts, a variety of programs and interventions, and organizational efforts to identify, respond to and prevent the abuse and neglect of dependent children. Today, there are innumerable local, national and international organizations, professional societies and advocacy groups devoted to preventing and treating child abuse and neglect.

While international concern about child maltreatment is relatively new, child abuse and neglect is not a recent phenomenon. The maltreatment of children has manifested itself in nearly every conceivable manner--physically, emotionally, sexually and by forced child labor (Ten Bensel, Rheinberger and Radbill, 1997). Historians have been able to document the occurrence of various forms of the mistreatment of children back to the beginnings of recorded history. In some ancient cultures, children had no rights until the right to live was bestowed upon them by their fathers. The right to live was sometimes withheld by fathers, and newborns were abandoned or left to die. Although we do not have the means to know how commonplace abandonment or killing was, we do know that infanticide was widely accepted among ancient and prehistoric cultures. Newborns and infants could be put to death because they cried too much, because they were sickly or deformed, or because of some perceived imperfection. Girls, twins and children of unmarried women were the special targets of infanticide (Robin, 1980).

Many societies subjected their offspring to survival tests. Some Native Americans threw their newborns into pools of water and rescued them only if they rose to the surface and cried. German parents also plunged children into icy waters as a test of fitness to live (Ten Bensel, Rheinberger and Radbill, 1997). Greek parents exposed their children to natural elements as a survival test.

Survival tests and infanticide were not the only abuses inflicted by generations of parents. From prehistoric times to the present, children have been mutilated, beaten and maltreated. Such treatment was not only condoned but was often mandated as the most appropriate child-rearing method. Children were, and continue to be, hit with rods, canes and switches. Boys have been castrated to produce eunuchs. Girls have been, and continue to be, subjected to genital surgery or mutilation as part of culturally approved ritual. Colonial parents were implored to "beat the devil" out of their children (Greven, 1991; Straus, 1994).

Summing up the plight of children from prehistoric times until the present, David Bakan comments that "Child abuse thrives in the shadows of privacy and secrecy. It lives by inattention" (Bakan, 1971).

Worldwide, there is no universally agreed upon definition of what constitutes child abuse (or child maltreatment), although each country has its own definition of child abuse. In its broadest sense, the term child abuse refers to any harm, physical or emotional, that is done intentionally to a child. Abuse may include physical assault, sexual exploitation and verbal or emotional assault. Some states include the presence of controlled substances in a child at birth or in the child's home as a form of child abuse. No state bans corporal punishment as of this writing, although some states prohibit extreme corporal punishment.

Child abuse also encompasses child neglect, which is the most common form of child maltreatment, and which can lead to severe injuries or even fatalities among infants and young children.

Traditionally, child abuse has been limited to the actions of a parent/guardian or other person responsible for a child's welfare. Crimes committed against children by strangers or by other children were not, strictly speaking, known as child abuse. More recently, however, child abuse statutes in many states have expanded their state laws to encompass teachers, day-care workers and others who are responsible for the out-of-home care of children.

References:

1) Bakan, D. The Slaughter of the Innocents. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.

2) Greven, P. Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse. New York: Knopf, 1990.

3) Robin, M. "Historical introduction: Sheltering arms: The roots of child protection." In E. Newberger, ed. Child Abuse. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980, pp. 1-41.

4) Straus, M. A. Beating the Devil out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families. New York: Lexington Books, 1994.

5) Ten Bensel, R. L., M. Rheinberger, and S. X. Radbill. "Children in a world of violence: The roots of child maltreatment." In M. E. Heifer, R. S. Kempe, and R. D. Krugman, eds. The Battered Child. 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 3-28.

	Essay on Death and Alcohol Abuse
	Death and Alcohol Abuse Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Some individuals die from diseases caused by chronic alcoholism; others die from car crashes or other accidents resulting from being under the influence of alcohol. For example, young men ages 16-20 who drink and drive while intoxicated are 15,560 times more likely to die in a car accident than young men who do not drink or who drink amounts insufficient to cause intoxication...
	Essay on Death and Alcohol Abuse »
	Essay on Binge Drinking
	Binge Drinking Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Binge drinking is an excessive consumption of alcohol over a short period, also known as heavy episodic drinking. In many cases, binge drinking has led to alcohol poisoning, which causes death because the liver cannot process the amount of alcohol that has been consumed quickly enough, and consequently, the body shuts down...
	Essay on Binge Drinking »
	Essay on Alcoholism Problems, Symptoms, and Treatment
	Alcoholism Problems, Symptoms, and Treatment Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Alcoholism is a major and severe problem in the United States and Canada as well as in many countries around the globe. It not only negatively affects the lives of the alcoholics themselves but also has an extended and even lifelong effect on the lives of their family members...
	Essay on Alcoholism Problems, Symptoms, and Treatment »
	Essay on Alcohol Abuse and Health Risks
	Alcohol Abuse and Health Risks Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Both chronic alcohol abuse as well as alcohol dependence (alcoholism) cause or contribute to many health problems, including increased risks to the liver, kidneys, heart, and other organs. Alcohol use disorders (which include both alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence) are also linked to psychiatric problems, such as depression and anxiety disorders...
	Essay on Alcohol Abuse and Health Risks »
	Essay on Alcohol Abuse And Patterns Among Adolescents
	Alcohol Abuse And Patterns Among Adolescents Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol is a major drug of abuse for adolescents ages 12-17 years old. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 17.6 percent of youths were current drinkers in 2004. About 11 percent were binge drinkers (individuals having five or more drinks on at least one occasion in the past two weeks) and 2.7 percent were heavy drinkers...
	Essay on Alcohol Abuse And Patterns Among Adolescents »
	Essay on Abstinence From Alcohol
	Abstinence From Alcohol Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Abstinence means refraining from the use of alcohol and/or illicit drugs or misused prescription drugs. Many support groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous and its spin-off organizations, believe that the individual must forgo all use of the substance to which he or she is addicted and this abstinence must continue for life...
	Essay on Abstinence From Alcohol »
	Essay on Treatments for Alcoholism in the 20th Century
	Treatments for Alcoholism in the 20th Century Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Some treatments for alcoholism in the early part of the 20th century were extremely strange while others were promising. The equine antialcohol antibody was one of the strange treatments. This was an alleged vaccine developed in about 1903 by researchers...
	Essay on Treatments for Alcoholism in the 20th Century »
	Essay on The Temperance Movement
	The Temperance Movement Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Although most people think of women's groups when they think of the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, which banned the manufacture or sale of alcohol, there were several major predecessors to this law. For example, there were temperance groups in many states, and in 1836, there were 229,000 temperance group members in New York...
	Essay on The Temperance Movement »
	Essay on Alcohol in Early America and the 18th Century
	Alcohol in Early America and the 18th Century Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. In early America, as in Europe, alcohol was often drunk instead of the often contaminated water or soured milk, and many of the colonists relied heavily on beer, ale, and hard cider. Alcohol was also used to treat headaches, infection, fever, and depression...
	Essay on Alcohol in Early America and the 18th Century »