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The stimulants are some of the most commonly used drugs throughout the world. They include legal and illegal variants. Since the legal drug caffeine, found in coffee and sodas, is ubiquitous and socially accepted, some people don't realize that it is indeed a drug. Stimulants can be found in cold and flu preparations where they are used as bronchodilators and to counteract the sedation of antihistamines. Stimulants are promoted on television as weight reduction pills, although their effectiveness is extremely short-lived and of little true help. Stimulants such as cocaine and the amphetamines are ever-present street drugs. Modifications in route of administration have given the world crack cocaine and ice amphetamine, perhaps the most noxious of all street drugs. Interestingly, stimulants provoke the activity of normal brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, causing mood changes. Sadly, they can also provoke intense compulsion, profound loss of control, enduring use despite adverse consequences, and a devastating crash and craving.

Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system and promote emotional and behavioral stimulation are called the stimulants. The stimulants vary in terms of their ability to create euphoria, the relative strength of the stimulation, the length of time that they produce stimulation, and the way in which they excite the central nervous system. Despite these differences, they are all able to stimulate the central nervous system and to stimulate mental and physical activity.

As drugs of abuse, stimulants are far more similar than they are different. For example, cocaine and amphetamines were indistinguishable in experiments with experienced human users of stimulants as well as with animals trained to distinguish between drugs. Indeed, some of the more significant differences among stimulant experiences are not pharmacologic, but rather are differences in routes of administration.

Cocaine that has traditionally been sold on the street as a white powder is cocaine hydrochloride. Because cocaine hydrochloride is normally sold in powdered form, is soluble in water, and is absorbed by the nasal mucous membranes, the preferred method of administration has been intranasal snorting, although it can be taken orally or intravenously.

When consumed orally, cocaine must first pass through acids and enzymes of the gastrointestinal system before absorption by the intestines. Accordingly, oral consumption of cocaine results in a less rapid onset of stimulation and a less intense euphoria.

When snorted, cocaine is absorbed by the mucous membranes, enters the bloodstream, and reaches the brain in about 4 minutes. The peak subjective effects occur within 15-20 minutes. Intravenously injected cocaine will reach the brain in about 4 minutes, with substantial effects lasting about a half hour.

Snorted cocaine causes a stronger euphoria than orally consumed cocaine. Because intravenously injected cocaine can release a higher concentration of cocaine directly into the bloodstream, it causes an even stronger euphoria than snorting or oral consumption. Thus, the impact of the drug (specifically, the strength of the euphoria and the overall stimulation) varies greatly depending on whether the cocaine is swallowed, snorted, or injected. An even more powerful euphoria and stimulation effect is created by yet another drug delivery system: cocaine smoking. . .

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