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|  Essay on The Invention of Stethoscope |
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| The Invention of Stethoscope Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In 1816, a very obese young woman suffering from general symptoms of heart disease consulted Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec for treatment. Laennec was perplexed about how to perform a clinical examination on her. Although he often used the technique of percussion, he rejected it in this case, as her extreme fatness would render it ineffective. Given her age and sex, direct auscultation of her heart with his ear placed against her chest was in his opinion inappropriate. While Laennec happened to be watching some children playing, he noticed that they were holding a piece of wood to their ears and scratching on the other end with a pin. This observation inspired him to roll up a cylinder of paper... |
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| Essay on The Invention of Stethoscope » |
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| Essay on The Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart |
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| The Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The successor to the Jarvik-3 artificial heart was modeled after the human heart and is approximately the same size as a human's fist-sized heart. It weighs about ten ounces and is designed to replace the human heart. It has two artificial ventricles, which are like the pumping chambers of the heart and which replace the left and right ventricles, which the surgeon has removed. The device is made up of Dacron polyester, aluminum, and plastic. The patient's atria, the upper chambers of the heart that take in blood from the veins, is the anchor to which the Jarvik-7 heart is attached. The power for the device comes from an outside device that is connected to the patient's chest through tubes. As a result... |
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| Essay on The Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart » |
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| Essay on Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) |
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| Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In 1967, Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield conceived the idea for a machine that could create detailed images of the internal structures of the body by taking X rays at various angles. He realized that if X rays were taken perpendicular to each other, a cross section of the examined object could be obtained. If the X-ray beam was collimated and moved around the axis of the body with the X-ray detector opposite, the maximum information about that slice of the body could be collected. Further, by moving the body through the beam as the slices were recorded, the maximum data about the interior of the body could be obtained. The cross-sectional X-ray images could then be assembled by a computer to present... |
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| Essay on Synthesizing Human Hormones |
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| Synthesizing Human Hormones Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In 1936--after being rejected for a position with the Institute of Paper Chemistry because he was black--Percy Lavon Julian became director of the Soya Products Division at the Glidden Company in Chicago. He would soon be the first to synthesize physostigmine, a natural product of some plant sterols, which would become a therapeutic drug to treat myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, and drug overdoses. He also laid a foundation for the synthesis of human hormones--such as progesterone, testosterone, cortisone, and other steroids--from plant sterols. The wide availability of such compounds and their use in pharmaceuticals would revolutionize medicine. To appreciate Julian's invention, it is... |
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| Essay on Synthesizing Human Hormones » |
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| Essay on The Artificial Kidney Machine |
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| The Artificial Kidney Machine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Willem Johan Kolff's 1941 prototype of the kidney dialysis machine, crude as it may appear, testifies to the vigor and improvisational resourcefulness of scientific ingenuity applied to a specific problem, how with limited resources a researcher/technician can nevertheless realize an ambitious premise. Although the idea of dialysis had been proposed earlier, few medical researchers before Kolff looked favorably on the idea of actually draining the blood from the body as way to cleanse it of the damaging buildup of toxic materials (principally urea and other salts) that regularly resulted in the death of kidney patients. Kolff maintained that short-term external treatment of the blood could... |
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| Essay on The Artificial Kidney Machine » |
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| Essay on The Kurzweil Reading Machine |
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| The Kurzweil Reading Machine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The Kurzweil Reading Machine, the first print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, has provided unprecedented levels of independence to thousands of blind and visually impaired people throughout the world. As they worked on the invention, Ray Kurzweil and his team were enthusiastically supported by the National Federation of the Blind and its leader, Dr. Kenneth Jernigan, who helped them secure development grants. Completed in 1976, the reading machine is actually a combination of Kurzweil's earlier inventions, the first omnifont optical character recognition (OCR) program and the charge-coupled device (CCD) flat-bed scanner, with his refinement of text-to-speech synthesis. The synergy of these three... |
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| Essay on Implantable Pacemakers |
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| Implantable Pacemakers Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Many people feel that the development of the lithium battery is more important than the development of the artificial pacemaker, which others had been working on before Wilson Greatbatch invented his device. Early pacemakers used mercuric oxide-zinc batteries, which had serious faults. First, the battery produced a small amount of hydrogen gas, which the body had to absorb. Second, it was necessary to separate the components with a fabricated separator. Third, the battery could not be hermetically sealed, because one of the reactions produced hydrogen gas. Because the battery could not be sealed, the pacemaker could not be sealed. Since the pacemaker was not sealed, the inside was often 100 percent humidity... |
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| Essay on Implantable Pacemakers » |
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| Essay on Production of Human Insulin |
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| Production of Human Insulin Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Although Herbert Wayne Boyer, Stanley Norman Cohen, and their colleagues developed the basic techniques of gene splicing and genetic engineering, it was Boyer who orchestrated the development of these techniques into ones that could be exploited in the production of medicinally important proteins and enzymes, leading to the birth of the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries. Financier Robert Swanson thought that the techniques could be used to produce human insulin, a protein that would be needed in the near future since the number of diabetics in the United States was increasing while the supply of bovine and porcine pancreases from which diabetics received their insulin was decreasing... |
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| Essay on Production of Human Insulin » |
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| Essay on Modeling the Inner and Middle Ear |
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| Modeling the Inner and Middle Ear Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Before Georg von Bekesy began his research into the mechanics of hearing, the prevailing view of this process was that of Hermann von Helmholtz, who in the 1860's had determined the interrelated functions of the tympanic membrane and the three bones of the middle ear. Helmholtz also discovered the importance of the basilar membrane in the inner ear for hearing, but contemporary techniques did not allow him or other late nineteenth century researchers, such as Italian anatomist Alfonso Corti, to work out the further details of the hearing process. In the 1920's, the purpose of the inner ear remained poorly understood. Part of the problem was the delicacy of the cochlea, which prevented both dissection... |
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| Essay on Modeling the Inner and Middle Ear » |
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| Essay on Organ and Tissue Transplantation |
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| Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Recent advances in medical technology and research have made possible an unprecedented level of health care for those living in economically advanced nations like the United States. Antibiotics, chemotherapy, functional imaging, telemedicine, reproductive technology, artificial organs, and transplantation are just a few of the weapons in our medical arsenal today that simply did not exist only fifty years ago. Not coincidentally, the field of bioethics has also grown over the same time span. Much of the concern about ethics is driven by the power of our new technological medical prowess. Recent advances in medical technology and research have made possible an unprecedented level of health care for those... |
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| Essay on Organ and Tissue Transplantation » |
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