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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are those diseases transmitted primarily through sexual means, which may include oral, anal, or genital contact; osculation (kissing); or manual stimulation. STDs are also referred to as sexually transmitted infection (STI), venereal diseases (VD), and reproductive tract infections (RTI). Though other diseases may also be transmitted through sexual contact, the term STD is reserved for an infection spread primarily through sexual means. The source of infection may be bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitical. Depending upon the infecting agent, the resulting disease may remain localized at the site of infection (such as the genitalia or sex organs) or may spread to other parts of the body. Though symptoms may vary, both men and women are susceptible to STDs.

The most reliable method for the prevention of all STDs is abstinence or limiting sexual activity to monogamous, long-term relationships with partners who have been tested and are free of infection. Consistent and correct use of latex condoms may help to prevent the transmission of many STDs but may be ineffective in preventing others.

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. In women infections are usually situated in the vagina and in men in the urethra. The parasite spreads through penis-vagina or vulva-vulva contact. Though women can contract the disease from either infected men or women, men generally only contract trichomoniasis from infected women.

Symptoms in women may include a frothy, yellowgreen, odorous discharge from the vagina that may cause irritation and itching, discomfort during intercourse or urination, and occasionally lower abdominal pain. Infected men generally do not show symptoms, but there may be a discharge or slight burning or irritation after ejaculation or urination.

Infected pregnant women risk giving birth prematurely and having low-birth-weight babies. Trichomoniasis infections increase a woman's susceptibility to HIV if exposed to it and increases the risk of transmitting HIV if infected.

Treatment consists of the use of a single, oral dose of metronidazole. Even in the absence of symptoms, all sexual partners should be treated to prevent reinfection. Consistent and correct use of latex condoms can reduce the risk of transmitting the disease. Persons who are being treated for trichomoniasis should avoid sex until they have been treated and are infection free.

Reference:

Holmes, King K.; P. Frederick Sparling; Per-Anders Mardh; et al., eds. 1999. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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