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|  Essay on HIV / AIDS and Political Activism |
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| HIV / AIDS and Political Activism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In the face of lackluster U.S. government leadership in the AIDS epidemic, members of the gay community, particularly in urban centers that had been hard hit by HIV, became active participants in the political, medical, and social processes by which research funding was generated and treatment and prevention methods were developed. In the early 1980s much of that effort was at a local level: Gay leaders and activists raised funds, recruited help from local politicians, and set up community treatment centers that pooled resources for and information about treating AIDS patients. In mid-1980s, frustrated by the slow pace of AIDS research and the inaccessibility of effective treatment... |
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| Free Essay on AIDS Activism» |
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| Essay on AIDS and HIV |
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| AIDS and HIV Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) presents as a variety of diseases and illnesses, all of which result from infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV attacks the human immune system, weakening the response of the body to infection and disease and rendering a patient susceptible to various illnesses. HIV causes few symptoms, and an infected person may appear and feel healthy for years after contracting the virus. Once the virus has weakened the immune system sufficiently, the disease progresses to full-blown AIDS, which is marked by a variety of illnesses from which the patient has increasing difficulty in recovering. Death from AIDS results from the effects of secondary illnesses. HIV/AIDS is believed... |
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| Free Essay on AIDS and HIV» |
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| Essay on Abortion Controversy |
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| Abortion Controversy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Abortion is a controversial and emotional subject over which people are deeply divided. At this time--the last decade of the twentieth century-compromise between contending factions seems to be impossible because of the passion with which conflicting views are held. Even the terms that partisans of each position use to describe their views bear emotional freight. Anti-abortionists label themselves pro-life; they are not just opposed to abortion, they believe that the fetus is a complete, living person, deserving of legal protection. Those in favor of legalized abortion deny that they are pro abortion, for indeed most believe that abortion is undesirable, even though it is sometimes necessary... |
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| Free Essay on Abortion» |
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| Essay on Addictive Disorders |
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| Addictive Disorders Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Recent inquiry into methods of treating alcohol and drug abuse have been frustrated by the same conclusion: "Does the person really change?" Naturally the goals of abstinence, of sobriety, invoke all sorts of personal commitment to change--from alcohol or drug consumption to life patterns. Altering interpersonal, social, occupational, and recreational variables dismantles the vicious cycle of repeated addiction developed over a period of time. But what does this accomplish? The goal of fully disinfecting an addict's world of cues and urges is to prevent relapse; or is the goal simpler: to modify specific addictive behaviors at the root of the problem? Both are credible goals. Systems therapists subscribe primarily... |
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| Free Essay on Addiction» |
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| Essay on Aging in Society |
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| Aging in Society Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. This essay is concerned with the social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors that affect both the process of growing old and the place of older people in society. Research already shows the power of these factors; it shows that aging and the status of the elderly are not inevitably fixed but are subject to social modification and change. But more research is needed on how these factors operate. In order to enhance the quality of life for older people and to contain the personal and social costs of health care and dependency, more knowledge is required to strengthen the scientific basis for professional practice and public policy. Bit by bit, the necessary science base -- a mosaic of knowledge -- is being established... |
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| Free Essay on Aging» |
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| Essay on Alzheimer's Disease |
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| Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Alzheimer's is a disease of the brain that causes a gradual but progressive loss of abilities in memory, thinking, reasoning, judgment, orientation, and speech. It causes an inability to recognize and identify objects and carry out motor activities. People with the disease are eventually unable to perform the most basic activities of daily living such as dressing, cooking, and bathing. Alzheimer's Disease is not the result of normal aging, but it does occur more frequently in those 65 years of age or older. Alzheimer's disease is far more serious than the occasional forgetfulness experienced by the elderly. In its early stages, however, the disease may be difficult to distinguish from ordinary forgetfulness. Because the disease affects... |
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| Free Essay on Alzheimer's» |
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| Essay on American Health Care System |
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| American Health Care System Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. More logical reforms at health policy aim towards addressing broader threats to health and healthcare as a society, rather than on an individual level (Mechanic 52-54). Additionally, efforts towards preventative care could help reform health policy, as both of these changes in the United State's view on healthcare would be much more progressive. The major challenge that affects reform appears to be long-held ideas and feelings towards the way that healthcare has been managed in the past, and the inability of citizen's and policy makers to stray from such thoughts. Mental health is probably the most misunderstood aspect of health care, mostly because it too is bogged down by a history of misconceptions and improper... |
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| Free Essay on American Health Care System» |
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| Essay on Theories of Anxiety |
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| Theories of Anxiety Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. It is agreed by students of anxiety-- Freud, Goldstein, Horney, to mention only three--that anxiety is a diffuse apprehension, and that the central difference between fear and anxiety is that fear is a reaction to a specific danger while anxiety is unspecific, "vague," "objectless." The special characteristics of anxiety are the feelings of uncertainty and helplessness in the face of the danger. The nature of anxiety can be understood when we ask what is threatened in the experience which produces anxiety. The threat is to something in the "core or essence" of the personality. Anxiety is the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a personality... |
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| Free Essay on Anxiety» |
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| Essay on Conduction Aphasia |
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| Conduction Aphasia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. If one follows the standard clinical description of conduction aphasia as a disturbance in repetition that is paired with relatively preserved spontaneous speech and auditory comprehension, a heterogeneous group of patients will result. At this level, the possible underlying deficits responsible for conduction aphasia are so varied as to render this syndrome of little use at both the clinical and experimental level. However, by examining the range of behaviors associated with conduction aphasics, more homogeneous sets of aphasics should emerge. As indicated by the preceding description of conduction aphasia, impaired repetition is often considered of prime importance for identifying this syndrome. However, it is not clear... |
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| Free Essay on Aphasia» |
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| Essay on The Artificial Kidney Machine |
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| The Artificial Kidney Machine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Willem Johan Kolff's 1941 prototype of the kidney dialysis machine, crude as it may appear, testifies to the vigor and improvisational resourcefulness of scientific ingenuity applied to a specific problem, how with limited resources a researcher/technician can nevertheless realize an ambitious premise. Although the idea of dialysis had been proposed earlier, few medical researchers before Kolff looked favorably on the idea of actually draining the blood from the body as way to cleanse it of the damaging buildup of toxic materials (principally urea and other salts) that regularly resulted in the death of kidney patients. Kolff maintained that short-term external treatment of the blood could... |
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| Free Essay on Artificial Kidney Machine» |
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| Essay on Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) |
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| Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Autism and the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are highly complex and variable in their clinical presentation and manifestations. For example, symptoms and characteristics change with developmental maturity and vary with the degree of associated cognitive impairment (Filipek et al., 1999a). This evolving pattern of clinical features can make the differential diagnostic process very difficult in some cases. Nonetheless, the defining feature of autism is the presence of a distinctive impairment in the nature and quality of social and communicative development (influenced by the specific biological and environmental circumstances of the individual). It is this impairment... |
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| Free Essay on Autism» |
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| Essay on BRCA1 Cancer Gene Identification |
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| BRCA1 Cancer Gene Identification Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Though her colleagues scoffed at the idea, Mary-Claire King believed that there could be a genetic cause for breast cancer. In 1974, she launched on a painstaking process that would take her two decades to complete. First, she studied the family histories of 1,579 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer, looking for other instances in their immediate families or in prior generations. In some 15 percent of those cases, she found that there were indeed other cases of the disease in the same family. King then collected blood from the families she had identified and started looking at chromosomes. A new technological development in the early 1980's made her work much easier. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) could now... |
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| Free Essay on BRCA1 Cancer Gene Identification» |
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| Essay on The Black Death: Plague in Medieval England |
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| The Black Death: Plague in Medieval England Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. A few single events in English history have been both sudden and enormously important. English history without the battle of Hastings and the consequent imposition of a new Norman aristocracy, or without the battle of Saratoga, and the consequent loss of the American colonies, would be unimaginably different. The Black Death of 1349 is a turning point of a different but equally decisive kind. It initiated a long period in which the basic material forces working on society were different from what they had been in the central Middle Ages, and this change had profound effects on almost every aspect of history in the century after. The first plague of 1349 was unmatched in its ferocity... |
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| Free Essay on Black Death Plague» |
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| Essay on Breast Cancer Effects on the Body Image |
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| Breast Cancer Effects on the Body Image Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In 1971 U.S. President Richard M. Nixon declared a war on cancer and poured more than $100 million into cancer research due to public outcry against the disease. Cancer kills more than half a million Americans each year (American Cancer Society [ACS] 2006, p. 4). One of the most common types of the disease was also one of the first identified in humans, breast cancer. Physicians have recognized it for thousands of years. However years of research and hundreds of millions of dollars have not resulted in an exact cause or cure. Breast cancer is still a major health problem in the early-twenty-first century and one out of eight American women was diagnosed with the disease in 2005... |
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| Free Essay on Breast Cancer» |
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| Essay on The Social Construction of Breast Cancer |
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| The Social Construction of Breast Cancer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Gender-roles in a patriarchal society are established with man in mind and female sexuality is constructed to complement male sexuality. Thus a woman's breast performs both reproductive and sexual functions; a nutrition source for infants also serves as erotic draw for men. Women's subordinate position also manifests itself in breast cancer treatment, where patients tend to be female and physicians male. In the disease's early history, women often delayed seeking medical treatment because of shame and stigma. After diagnosis women usually left the treatment decision entirely in the hands of their male physicians. This paternalistic relationship between breast cancer patient and physician persisted... |
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| Free Essay on Breast Cancer Social Construction» |
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| Essay on Breast Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Treatment |
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| Breast Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Treatment Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Breast cancer is the leading cancer diagnosis among American women, accounting for nearly one in three cancers in that group (ACS 2006, p. 1). Figure 1 depicts incidence of and death rates from female breast cancer and rates of late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in the United States from 1997 to 2002. Cancer incidence is measured as the number of new cases each year for every 100,000 women while the death rate is measured as the number of deaths each year for every 100,000 women. Overall these figures seem promising; the declining fatalities and increasing five-year survival rates indicate that larger numbers of women survive a cancer diagnosis. However the incidence of female... |
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| Free Essay on Breast Cancer Treatment» |
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| Essay on Cell Biology and Medicine |
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| Cell Biology and Medicine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Virchow's discovery of the connection between cancer and cells helped found a new type of medicine. Within a few years, the transformation of medicine into a modern science would be complete with the discovery that bacteria--also cells--were responsible for a wide range of epidemics such as cholera, tuberculosis, and the plague. Two major figures in this revolution were the German physician Robert Koch (1843-1910) and the French scientist Louis Pasteur (1822-95). The idea that diseases were caused by tiny parasites had a historical precedent. In 36 BC, the Roman scholar Marcus Terrentius Varro had warned people not to build their homes too close to swamps because such areas "breed certain minute creatures... |
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| Free Essay on Cell Biology and Medicine» |
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| Essay on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) |
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| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. CFIDS ("Chronic fatigue / immune dysfunction syndrome") is one of about fifty names for an illness that only recently has become recognized as a specific entity. The illness has been called chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome (CEBV), post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS), and chronic mononucleosis. It has been ridiculed and demeaned with the term "yuppie flu." In Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and many other parts of the world it is called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). It is possible that this illness is the same as or closely related to fibromyalgia. "Chronic fatigue / immune dysfunction syndrome" is perhaps the most widely known name in the United States and is synonymous with the term... |
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| Free Essay on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome» |
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| Essay on Cocaine: A Drug and Society |
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| Cocaine: A Drug and Society Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Because cocaine is illegal, everything about its social status remains half-concealed; because the large-scale interest in it is so recent, there has been little time for a new descriptive literature to accumulate. It is impossible to find out the true extent of the illicit traffic; no substantial public surveys on cocaine use and users are available; even arrest statistics are unreliable, because the Federal Bureau of Investigation continues to lump cocaine with opiates (as a "narcotic") in its Uniform Crime Reports. Most important of all, the situation is changing fast; no stable pattern has yet emerged either in the use of the drug or in attitudes toward it. What we write today may seem naive or outdated... |
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| Free Essay on Cocaine» |
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| Essay on Communication and Aging Population |
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| Communication and Aging Population Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The United States is becoming an increasingly mature country. The Administration on Aging ( 1998) published information, based on data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, that in 1997 people 65 years old or older numbered 34.1 million or 12.7% of the U.S. population. Since 1900, the percentage of Americans over the age of 65 has tripled, while the number of these individuals has grown by a factor of 11. By the time the youngest members of the baby-boom generation reach 65 (in the year 2030), depending on how the estimate is conducted, between 58 and 78 million Americans, representing 19 to 21% of the total population, will be over 65. The present older population is, of course, also getting older... |
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| Free Essay on Communication and Aging» |
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| Essay on Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) |
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| Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In 1967, Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield conceived the idea for a machine that could create detailed images of the internal structures of the body by taking X rays at various angles. He realized that if X rays were taken perpendicular to each other, a cross section of the examined object could be obtained. If the X-ray beam was collimated and moved around the axis of the body with the X-ray detector opposite, the maximum information about that slice of the body could be collected. Further, by moving the body through the beam as the slices were recorded, the maximum data about the interior of the body could be obtained. The cross-sectional X-ray images could then be assembled by a computer to present... |
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| Free Essay on Computerized Axial Tomography» |
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| Essay on The Increasing Demand of Cosmetic Surgeries |
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| The Increasing Demand of Cosmetic Surgeries Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In her article, Ellen Feldman (2004) dates the history of cosmetic surgery back 2,500 years; however, the procedure was not popular until after World War I. Surgeons first began to develop cosmetic surgery techniques in response to birth disfigurement and war caused deformities. The war injuries greatly accelerated the advancement and experimentation of plastic surgery, and the rise of plastic surgeons. According to Feldman, some surgeons limited their practices to deformities caused by birth defects and automobile and industrial accidents, but others began applying the skill and techniques they had perfected on wounded veterans to dissatisfied civilians, chiefly women (p. 61)... |
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| Free Essay on Cosmetic Surgery» |
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| Essay on DNA Profiling, or Genetic Fingerprinting |
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| DNA Profiling, or Genetic Fingerprinting Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. DNA profiling, or genetic fingerprinting, is a scientific process that forensic specialists can use to match the DNA of unknown persons to the DNA of readily identified persons based on a comparison of the similarities and differences in that small percentage of human DNA that differs between human beings. Almost all human DNA, some 99.9 percent of it, is identical. However, until the morning of September 10, 1984, no one in the scientific community knew that patterns could be detected within the remaining tenth of a percent of human DNA. At 9:05 a.m. that day, British geneticist Alec Jeffreys noticed such patterns in his technician's family's DNA. This simple observation of similarities and differences... |
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| Free Essay on DNA Profiling» |
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| Essay on Psychological Perspective on Deafness |
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| Psychological Perspective on Deafness Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Investigators are drawn to the psychological study of deafness for a variety of reasons. Researchers in this area come from such diverse backgrounds as linguistics and psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, perception, speech and hearing, education, and developmental psychology. Within developmental psychology, the area draws from those interested in language acquisition, social development, cognitive development, and developmental disabilities. Yet others come to study deafness with more specific interests: in neurophysiology, in intelligence, in reading, in creativity. Finally, of course, there are those investigators whose backgrounds are originally and entirely within the field of deafness... |
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| Free Essay on Deafness» |
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| Essay on Depressant Drugs Abuse |
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| Depressant Drugs Abuse Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Depressant drugs, including alcohol and opiates, are among the oldest drugs known and used by man. Indeed, despite our extensive, modern pharmacopoeia, alcohol continues to be the most widely used and abused depressant drug in our society. Sedative-hypnotic drugs, appropriately prescribed, provide needed relief from debilitating anxiety and insomnia. Appropriately prescribed opiates ease the crippling effects of pain. Most people who need them respond well to them. Most physicians who prescribe them do so appropriately. But, influenced by genetic factors, environmental stressors, or inappropriate prescribing practices, a subgroup of patients experience a destructive compulsion when exposed to these critical... |
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| Free Essay on Depressant Drugs» |
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| Essay on Disease in 19th-Century Europe |
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| Disease in 19th-Century Europe Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The foremost explanation of falling death rates lies in the history of contagious disease. One study has suggested that diseases explain 94 percent of all European deaths in the year 1850. The dominion of disease included wars; typhus killed more of Napoleon's soldiers than Wellington's army or the Russian army did. That pattern remained true across the century: Typhus, typhoid, cholera, and smallpox killed more soldiers than enemy fire did. As late as the Boer War (1899-1902), the British army lost 6,425 soldiers in combat and 11,327 soldiers to disease. Contagious diseases killed more people than heart attacks or cancer did, because fewer people lived long enough to experience degenerative problems... |
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| Free Essay on Disease in Nineteenth-Century Europe» |
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| Essay on The Ethics of Doctor-Patient Relationships |
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| The Ethics of Doctor-Patient Relationships Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Codes or statements of ethical principles have existed to guide medical practitioners for almost 2500 years. Their purposes are to ensure the community receives the highest standards of care and to prevent doctors abusing the trust and power granted to them by the community. The basis for the principles contained in the modern codes originated in Greece through what is usually termed the Hippocratic Oath. Hippocrates was born on the island of Kos in 460 BC and was responsible for the beginnings of a scientific approach to medicine through his teaching and practice of medicine in Greece. He forthrightly rejected the magic and sorcery of the priest healers of the Asklepeion school... |
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| Free Essay on Doctor-Patient Relationship» |
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| Essay on HIV / AIDS Drug Development Issues |
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| HIV / AIDS Drug Development Issues Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The activism of the gay community and the technological savvy of many of its organizations were instrumental in reforming the FDA's approval process and policies on clinical trials. Doctors, AIDS patients, and supporters in the 1980s had regarded the long and slow approval process of the FDA, which averaged eight years in the early 1980s, with increasing frustration. The few drug treatments that were available were limited to clinical trials, in which scientific principles demanded doubleblind studies in which half the participants in a trial were given placebos. Additionally, policies designed to protect trial participants severely limited the eligibility of many AIDS patients... |
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| Free Essay on Drugs for HIV / AIDS» |
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| Essay on Drugs in the 19th Century |
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| Drugs in the 19th Century Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Opium, has been used medicinally since ancient Mediterranean civilizations; one of the oldest known Egyptian papyri praises its painkilling powers. A Swiss physician popularized medical opium in the sixteenth century in a compound he named laudanum ("highly praised"). Laudanum, a tincture of opium dissolved in alcohol, became a basic medication, and by 1800 it was widely consumed by all who could afford it. Britain imported tons of opium every year. Most of this stock was re-exported to the Far East, where the British were the world's pushers--they had used opium addiction as a means of opening oriental markets and they fought two Opium Wars (1839-42 and 1856-58) to keep their drug markets open. Even subtracting... |
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| Free Essay on Drugs in the 19th Century» |
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| Essay on Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia |
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| Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Within the field of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa crystallized out as a separate and distinct disorder over the course of the last century. It had the advantage of one criterion that was both undisputed and easy to measure, namely low weight. However, it was the description of the characterizing beliefs and behaviors that led to the disorder being separated off from other states with weight loss. Furthermore, it was the description of similar beliefs and behaviors in people of unremarkable weight that led to the definition of bulimia nervosa and its relatives. However, it is arguably when the definition of mental disorder relies upon the mental state -- as it almost inevitably should... |
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| Free Essay on Eating Disorders» |
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| Essay on The Effects of HIV and AIDS on Population |
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| The Effects of HIV and AIDS on Population Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In most countries human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection initially spreads primarily through a group of core transmitters who are at particular risk. Sex between men may have a transmission rate as high as one in ten, depending on sexual practices. Transmission rates among intravenous drug users are high because a contaminated needle can introduce HIV directly into the bloodstream. Sex workers also have an elevated risk of contracting and transmitting HIV. HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) often establishes itself in those highrisk groups before moving into the general population. As the mode of transmission shifts from sex between men and the sharing of needles... |
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| Free Essay on Effects of AIDS on Population» |
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| Essay on The Environment and Health |
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| The Environment and Health Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. . . . Plants are another way to improve air quality within a house. Many plants thrive off of what is toxic to human beings (Dadd, p. 51). The usage of plants falls within the basic principles of holistic health, which generally believes in the healing power of nature over man-made substances. (Morton & Morton, 1996, p. 12) Many plants, such as the golden pothos, can decrease the presence of toxic gases by over two thirds, including formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and benzene. A simple spider plant can remove 96% of the carbon monoxide in a household, while an aloe vera plant removes 90% of formaldehyde (Ibid). Unfortunately, plants play no role in eliminating particulates such as tobacco smoke, so often must... |
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| Free Essay on Environment Influence on Health» |
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| Essay on Food, Diet and the Vital Revolution |
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| Food, Diet and the Vital Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The vital revolution of the 19th century was not simply a history of medical science. The increased availability of food and the improvement of diet also played a significant role. Well-fed people resist illness better and live longer. The average European diet of 1850 or 1890 was neither as diverse nor as nutritious as the diet most Europeans enjoy today, and it appears dreadful to most modern readers. However, historical perspective again demands that one compare it with the diet of earlier centuries; seen in that context, the nineteenth-century diet represented a significant improvement. The simplest proof that the European diet improved during the 19th century is that Europeans grew taller... |
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| Free Essay on Food and the Vital Revolution» |
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| Essay on Human Genetic Engineering |
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| Human Genetic Engineering Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The public discourse over biotechnology may be visualized as radiating from one seminal event -- the recombinant DNA controversy of the mid-1970s. This singularly influential episode gave form to a constellation of issues that were subsequently cast as products and processes of the new genetics, including: the manufacture of biological weapons, genetic screening and discrimination, the creation of transgenic animals, genetic modification of human ova, microbial effluent from industrial applications, the deliberate release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment, and human genetic engineering. Few issues in the field of biotechnology produce as strong a public reaction as the prospect of human genetic... |
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| Free Essay on Genetic Engineering» |
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| Essay on National Policy on HIV / AIDS |
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| National Policy on HIV / AIDS Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In the United States the early governmental response to the AIDS crisis is considered by many people to have been deplorable. Despite quick action on the part of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to determine the causes and modes of transmission of AIDS, its investigations were crippled by underfunding and inadequate staffing. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) moved at what many considered a maddeningly slow pace in opening up the grant process for funding AIDS research, and most early federal funding was forced on the Department of Health and Human Services by congressional appropriations bills. The Reagan administration was silent on the question of AIDS; Reagan did not give a speech... |
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| Free Essay on HIV / AIDS Policy» |
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| Essay on Social and Cultural Reactions to AIDS and HIV |
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| Social and Cultural Reactions to AIDS and HIV Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In the first half of the 1980s, while AIDS was ravishing homosexual men, the rest of the population of the United States took little note. The desire to believe that AIDS was a gay disease was strong and resulted in minimal media coverage of AIDS outside the gay community. In 1985, however, when Rock Hudson's diagnosis of AIDS became public, the nation was electrified. Almost overnight AIDS became a widespread point of concern for gay and straight populations alike. The illness of Ryan White, a young boy who had been infected with HIV as an infant, generated further mainstream public concern. HIV and AIDS engendered a great deal of artistic and cultural output after that time... |
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| Free Essay on HIV / AIDS and Social Reaction» |
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| Essay on The Development of HIV / AIDS Blood Test |
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| The Development of HIV / AIDS Blood Test Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The AIDS blood test designed by Robert Charles Gallo determines if a person has antibodies against HIV in his or her blood. Antibodies are large proteins made in response to invasion of the body by foreign entities. They are produced by a specific group of white blood cells called Blymphocytes. An antibody precisely fits a specific foreign substance, or antigen. Once secreted by Blymphocytes, antibodies bind to antigens and cause them to clump. Clumped antigens are more easily identified, destroyed, and removed from the body. If specific antibodies are present in a person's body, they indicate that the person has been exposed to or was immunized against a particular disease. Thus, if someone has antibodies... |
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| Free Essay on HIV Blood Test» |
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| Essay on HIV / AIDS Epidemic in the United States |
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| HIV / AIDS Epidemic in the United States Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States and throughout much of the world has been enormous. By the mid-1990s, over a third of a million Americans had died of AIDS, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had revised their estimate of living persons with HIV/AIDS downward from about a million to a more conservative estimate of 650,000 to 900,000 people. On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO) was continually increasing its estimate of persons living with HIV/AIDS throughout the world up to over 20 million and were expecting over 40 million in less than five years. By the end of 1997, the United Nations revised their estimate of persons with HIV... |
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| Free Essay on HIV Epidemic» |
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| Essay on The Treatment of HIV and AIDS |
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| The Treatment of HIV and AIDS Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Treatment and prevention measures for human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vary widely from country to country and region to region. The availability of treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS is highly variable and largely dependent on national wealth and medical infrastructure. Prevention programs also differ greatly between countries, and in places where the epidemic has been stemmed, that often has been the result of a number of complex and interrelated factors rather than a single prevention strategy. In wealthy societies with a strong medical infrastructure and widespread public or private health insurance coverage, treatment of HIV/AIDS often begins shortly after... |
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| Free Essay on HIV Treatment» |
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| Essay on Health Care Policy in the United States |
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| Health Care Policy in the United States Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. We are in the first decade of the twenty-first century, a new century and perhaps an overall new era for the United States. Many experts in health care policy believe that this century will bring fundamental reform and change in the health care system of the United States, and therefore in almost all of the health care policy issues and trends related to the health of the population, the overall health care system, the people who work within health care, and the institutions in which care is provided. How different will the health care system and its problems be one hundred years from now? Perhaps one way to begin to even think about this type of long range question is to think back... |
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| Free Essay on Health Care Policy» |
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| Essay on Health Education Programs |
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| Health Education Programs Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Many schools have been in the health care reform business for several years. Throughout the U.S., state departments of education and school boards are emphasizing comprehensive school health programs to provide health education and services. The goal is to keep students healthy, prevent those behaviors that are leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and promote behaviors that lead to healthy lives. At the federal level, comprehensive school health education programs have been integrated into the national education goals under Public Law 103-446 passed in May, 1994. Programs under this law were mandated to ensure that all students receive quality comprehensive school health education by the year 2000... |
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| Free Essay on Health Education» |
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| Essay on Health Psychology: Factors Influencing Behavior |
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| Health Psychology: Factors Influencing Behavior Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. We are now nearing the end of the second decade of the AIDS epidemic. Although major advances in treatment have prolonged and improved the quality of life of those infected with HIV, there is still no cure for, or a vaccine to prevent, this deadly disease. Perhaps most important, it has become increasingly clear that primary prevention must focus on behavior and behavior change. AIDS is first and foremost a consequence of behavior. It is not who people are, but what people do that determines whether or not they expose themselves or others to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. As Kelly, Murphy, Sikkema, and Kalichman (1993) pointed out, the task confronting the behavioral sciences is to develop... |
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| Free Essay on Health Psychology» |
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| Essay on Health and Fitness in the Workplace |
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| Health and Fitness in the Workplace Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The phenomenon, called health education, health promotion, fitness, and, most recently, wellness, has been occurring in the workplace and has been hailed as a boon to industry as well as to society in general. The movement, as it expands in leaps and bounds, has brought together many talented professionals who have the basic goal of bringing primary health care to business and industry. Industry with its watchful eye has incorporated health programs into its environment for both humanitarian and economic reasons. Corporations increasingly realize that such programs are beneficial to the health and well-being of its employees. Smoking cessation programs are regarded as a vehicle to reduce... |
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| Free Essay on Health and Fitness in the Workplace» |
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| Essay on HIV and AIDS History |
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| HIV and AIDS History Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) appears to have originated in Africa at some time in the twentieth century. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is assumed to be a variant of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that became capable of crossing the species barrier. It is unclear how that crossover first occurred, although scholars have posited contamination in the slaughter of bush meat or contamination of an oral polio vaccine cultured on chimpanzee kidneys that was administered widely in parts of Africa. In either case it appears that HIV and AIDS were present in the human population long before they were recognized. Scholars have identified isolated deaths in European countries as early as the 1950s... |
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| Free Essay on History of AIDS» |
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| Essay on Medicine in the Classical World |
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| Medicine in the Classical World Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. One of the most impressive contributions of the ancient Greeks to Western culture was their invention of rational medicine. It was the Greeks who first evolved rational systems of medicine free from magical and religious elements and based upon natural causes. Here for the first time in the history of medicine were displayed strikingly rational attitudes that resulted in a radically new conception of disease, whose causes and symptoms were now accounted for in terms of purely physical causation. It is clear from our earliest literary sources, however, that attitudes towards sickness and disease in the heroic age of Greece were not essentially different from those of the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians... |
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| Free Essay on History of Medicine» |
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| Essay on Homeopathy |
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| Homeopathy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Homeopathy (also spelled homaeopathy or homoeopathy) from the Greek words homoios (similar) and pathos (suffering), is a controversial system of alternative medicine. The model of homeopathy was developed by the Saxon physician Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) and first published in 1796. Homeopathy calls for treating "like with like", a doctrine referred to as the "Law of Similars". The practitioner considers the totality of symptoms of a particular case, then chooses as a remedy a substance that has been reported in a homeopathic proving to produce a similar set of symptoms in healthy subjects. The remedial substance is usually given in extremely low concentrations. Dilutions are performed according to a procedure known as potentization...
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| Free Essay on Homeopathy» |
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| Essay on Childbirth |
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| Childbirth Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Today, when most Western women are delivered in hospital maternity departments, it is not always appreciated that in historical terms childbirth is a recent addition to the medical curriculum. Until the late seventeenth century on the Continent and the early eighteenth in Britain, childbirth was not so much a medical as a social occasion, like weddings and funerals. At births, deaths, and marriages there was usually an 'official' or 'expert' (priest, undertaker, midwife), but the event centered around the immediate community of family and friends. Childbirth, however, differed in one important respect. It was exclusively female. The mother chose a midwife and a group of friends (the 'gossips') to attend her delivery... |
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| Free Essay on Human Birth» |
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| Essay on Medical Experiments on Human Beings |
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| Medical Experiments on Human Beings Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. There are many categories and gradations of human experimentation. They range from noninvasive studies such as demographic analyses of ethnic groups in poverty areas to the experimental transplantation of heart and lungs into a dying patient. Regardless of the category or the quality of the study, the principles involved are the same. Since the emphasis of this work is medicine, my discussion is restricted to experiments that involve medical or surgical studies of the human body. The problems pertaining to sociological or nonhuman biological experiments will not be discussed. All four ethical principles become pertinent in human experimentation programs. There are many categories and gradations of human... |
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| Free Essay on Human Experimentation» |
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| Essay on Implantable Pacemakers |
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| Implantable Pacemakers Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Many people feel that the development of the lithium battery is more important than the development of the artificial pacemaker, which others had been working on before Wilson Greatbatch invented his device. Early pacemakers used mercuric oxide-zinc batteries, which had serious faults. First, the battery produced a small amount of hydrogen gas, which the body had to absorb. Second, it was necessary to separate the components with a fabricated separator. Third, the battery could not be hermetically sealed, because one of the reactions produced hydrogen gas. Because the battery could not be sealed, the pacemaker could not be sealed. Since the pacemaker was not sealed, the inside was often 100 percent humidity... |
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| Free Essay on Implantable Pacemakers» |
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| Essay on The Invention of Stethoscope |
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| The Invention of Stethoscope Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In 1816, a very obese young woman suffering from general symptoms of heart disease consulted Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec for treatment. Laennec was perplexed about how to perform a clinical examination on her. Although he often used the technique of percussion, he rejected it in this case, as her extreme fatness would render it ineffective. Given her age and sex, direct auscultation of her heart with his ear placed against her chest was in his opinion inappropriate. While Laennec happened to be watching some children playing, he noticed that they were holding a piece of wood to their ears and scratching on the other end with a pin. This observation inspired him to roll up a cylinder of paper... |
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| Free Essay on Invention of Stethoscope» |
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| Essay on The Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart |
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| The Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The successor to the Jarvik-3 artificial heart was modeled after the human heart and is approximately the same size as a human's fist-sized heart. It weighs about ten ounces and is designed to replace the human heart. It has two artificial ventricles, which are like the pumping chambers of the heart and which replace the left and right ventricles, which the surgeon has removed. The device is made up of Dacron polyester, aluminum, and plastic. The patient's atria, the upper chambers of the heart that take in blood from the veins, is the anchor to which the Jarvik-7 heart is attached. The power for the device comes from an outside device that is connected to the patient's chest through tubes. As a result... |
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| Free Essay on Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart» |
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| Essay on The Kurzweil Reading Machine |
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| The Kurzweil Reading Machine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The Kurzweil Reading Machine, the first print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, has provided unprecedented levels of independence to thousands of blind and visually impaired people throughout the world. As they worked on the invention, Ray Kurzweil and his team were enthusiastically supported by the National Federation of the Blind and its leader, Dr. Kenneth Jernigan, who helped them secure development grants. Completed in 1976, the reading machine is actually a combination of Kurzweil's earlier inventions, the first omnifont optical character recognition (OCR) program and the charge-coupled device (CCD) flat-bed scanner, with his refinement of text-to-speech synthesis. The synergy of these three... |
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| Free Essay on Kurzweil Reading Machine» |
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| Essay on Child Language Disorders |
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| Child Language Disorders Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. What causes language disorders in children? There are really two answers to this question: "a lot of things" and "we don't know." Language and communication deficits are the most common result of a variety of disorders that affect mental development. We might say that language is the "final common pathway" through which a broad range of disruptions of neurological development are expressed. So there are really as many causes of language disorders as there are conditions with which language disorders are associated, and there are lots of those. Hearing impairment, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome are just a few examples. On the other hand, many children present with disorders of language learning for which... |
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| Free Essay on Language Disorders» |
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| Essay on The Leisure Culture in the Twentieth Century |
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| The Leisure Culture in the Twentieth Century Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Not long ago, the critical theory of social philosophers Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer achieved an almost canonical status in scholarly interpretations of leisure culture in the twentieth century. "Under late capitalism is the prolongation of work" they wrote in Dialectic of Enlightenment, published first in Amsterdam in 1947 but then reissued more than twenty years later at the height of the European student protest movement. Leisure was an "from the mechanized work process" but it was an escape whose content and form was so indelibly stamped by the exigencies of capitalist production that one's "are inevitably after-images of the work process itself" "happens at work, in the factory... |
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| Free Essay on Leisure and Recreation» |
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| Essay on Making Water Safe to Drink |
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| Making Water Safe to Drink Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Waterborne infectious diseases kill millions of people every year, especially children. Boiling water takes a large amount of energy. Chemicals are expensive, must be regulated carefully, and have side effects. Around 1946, researchers at General Electric found that ultraviolet (UV) radiation from their lamps would kill all of the most harmful bacteria commonly found in water. In fact, UV at 254 nanometers fuses adjacent base pairs in the DNA of bacteria and viruses, rendering the DNA useless to the organism, disabling its ability to generate enzymes for its survival and to multiply and cause disease. Since the bacteria die soon after exposure and cannot reproduce, they pose no threat even if ingested... |
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| Free Essay on Making Water Safe to Drink» |
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| Essay on Nutrition and Poverty |
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| Nutrition and Poverty Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Nutrition and poverty are two very closely related themes. Many elementary aspects of being poor, such as hunger, inadequate health-care, unhygienic living conditions, and the stress and strain of precarious living, tend to impair a person's nutritional status. In consequence, being poor almost always means being deprived of full nutritional capabilities, i.e. the capabilities to avoid premature mortality, to live a life free of avoidable morbidity, and to have the energy for work and leisure. The study of poverty is, therefore, very much a study of people's state of nutrition. There are two related ways in which the study of nutrition can illuminate the study of poverty. The first has to do with the processes of poverty... |
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| Free Essay on Malnutrition» |
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| Essay on Manic Depression |
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| Manic Depression Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The earliest mention of mood disorder of which we have record is from classical Greece. Hippocrates, in the fifth century B.C., was aware of both mania and depression as medical problems, and he recognized their chronicity, but he did not know that they are phases of the same illness. In the second century B.C., Areteus, an eminent Greek physician like Hippocrates, recognized that mania and depression could alternate in the same person. He described the personality types that accompany the moods: the self-sacrificing, pious, guilt-haunted sufferer of depression; the gay, obstreperous, rash bon vivant of mania. After Areteus the concept of manic-depression disappeared from medical writings until the nineteenth century... |
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| Free Essay on Manic Depression» |
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| Essay on Understanding Marijuana |
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| Understanding Marijuana Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. A few points about marijuana remain unarguable. The plant is at least 10,000 years old. Its medicinal applications began at least 4,500 years ago. Recreational use has also been around for thousands of years. Cannabis is the most popular illicit drug in the world. Hundreds of millions of people have tried it. Only a small fraction of them develop problems with other illicit drugs. Less than one-tenth of the people who ever try marijuana end up using it regularly. Fewer still develop troubles with it. Some fix the problems on their own. Many respond well to therapy. Current treatments are promising, but not perfect. A few facts about marijuana intoxication also seem clear. The experience is difficult to depict... |
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| Free Essay on Marijuana» |
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| Essay on Medical Education in the 20th Century |
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| Medical Education in the 20th Century Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The great German universities with their strong research departments were being copied in this country, thus bringing about the modern university. This raised the question inevitably that medicine here as in Germany should be part of a university with clear expectations for research and scholarship. The model was being evolved at Harvard, Pennsylvania, and Michigan, finally reaching its culmination with the establishment of the Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1893, where college graduates were taught by full-time research faculty. In addition, the advent of progressive education by John Dewey enforced the Hopkins model that students should learn by doing. Sir William Osler's ideal curriculum... |
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| Free Essay on Medical Education» |
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| Essay on Modeling the Inner and Middle Ear |
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| Modeling the Inner and Middle Ear Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Before Georg von Bekesy began his research into the mechanics of hearing, the prevailing view of this process was that of Hermann von Helmholtz, who in the 1860's had determined the interrelated functions of the tympanic membrane and the three bones of the middle ear. Helmholtz also discovered the importance of the basilar membrane in the inner ear for hearing, but contemporary techniques did not allow him or other late nineteenth century researchers, such as Italian anatomist Alfonso Corti, to work out the further details of the hearing process. In the 1920's, the purpose of the inner ear remained poorly understood. Part of the problem was the delicacy of the cochlea, which prevented both dissection... |
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| Free Essay on Modeling the Inner and Middle Ear» |
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| Essay on Natural Medicine |
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| Natural Medicine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The past two decades have seen a dramatic, and welcome, increase in research establishing the efficacy (or, in some cases, lack of efficacy) of the natural healing therapies and advancing our understanding of their mechanisms of action. Recent research bears out many of the premises of natural healing. The idea, for instance, that disease results from energy blockage has been corroborated by the researches of Dr. Otto Warburg, two-time Nobel Prize winner in cellular physiology and medicine, and Dr. William Frederick Koch. Energy production on the cellular level, they have found, is the key to health or disease. This energy production is the same as the cell respiration or the oxidation process. The blocking of this process... |
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| Free Essay on Natural Medicine» |
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| Essay on Organ and Tissue Transplantation |
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| Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Recent advances in medical technology and research have made possible an unprecedented level of health care for those living in economically advanced nations like the United States. Antibiotics, chemotherapy, functional imaging, telemedicine, reproductive technology, artificial organs, and transplantation are just a few of the weapons in our medical arsenal today that simply did not exist only fifty years ago. Not coincidentally, the field of bioethics has also grown over the same time span. Much of the concern about ethics is driven by the power of our new technological medical prowess. Recent advances in medical technology and research have made possible an unprecedented level of health care for those... |
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| Free Essay on Organ Transplantation» |
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| Essay on The Prevention of AIDS and HIV |
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| The Prevention of AIDS and HIV Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. AIDS prevention programs take two primary tacks: biomedical intervention and behavioral modification. Recommended biomedical interventions include securing the safety of blood and blood products, usually through the screening of donors; treating other sexually transmitted diseases that may increase the risk of HIV infection; and treating HIV-infected pregnant women with ARVs to reduce the risk of transmission to their children. A number of researchers are working to develop an AIDS vaccine, though that task is complicated by the rapid mutation of the virus and appears to be a number of years off. Another possible biomedical intervention would be the development of a microbicide--an agent capable... |
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| Free Essay on Prevention of AIDS» |
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| Essay on Production of Human Insulin |
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| Production of Human Insulin Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Although Herbert Wayne Boyer, Stanley Norman Cohen, and their colleagues developed the basic techniques of gene splicing and genetic engineering, it was Boyer who orchestrated the development of these techniques into ones that could be exploited in the production of medicinally important proteins and enzymes, leading to the birth of the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries. Financier Robert Swanson thought that the techniques could be used to produce human insulin, a protein that would be needed in the near future since the number of diabetics in the United States was increasing while the supply of bovine and porcine pancreases from which diabetics received their insulin was decreasing... |
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| Free Essay on Production of Human Insulin» |
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| Essay on Prostate Cancer |
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| Prostate Cancer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Prostate cancer is the growth of malignant cells in the prostate gland, one of the male sex glands. The prostate, which produces a fluid that becomes semen, is walnutsized, lies below the bladder, and surrounds the urethra. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer found in men and usually occurs after age fifty, with the vast majority of cases diagnosed after age sixty-five. This cancer is usually slow growing; however, it can be aggressive, especially in younger men. Although the cause of prostate cancer is unknown, several risk factors are associated with the disease: age; African-American heritage; family history (especially a brother or father diagnosed and especially if the cancer occurred at an early age); high fat... |
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| Free Essay on Prostate Cancer» |
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| Essay on Psychedelic Drugs Abuse |
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| Psychedelic Drugs Abuse Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The controversial nature of the diverse substances found in the catchall category called 'psychedelic drugs" is illustrated by disagreements over how best to describe their actions. Drugs such as LSD, MDMA, PCP, and marijuana have obvious differences. They are not identical in action or effect. However, there are commonalities and shared effects among these drugs. Less predictable than the classic stimulants or depressants, the psychedelic drugs are characterized by their wide-ranging psychological effects. Contextual factors such as set (expectations) and setting, different motivations and expectations, together with environmental influences and psychological stability, greatly modify the perceived... |
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| Free Essay on Psychedelic Drugs» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Chlamydia |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Chlamydia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Chlamydia is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the most commonly reported STD in the United States. Chlamydia may be transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Infected mothers may also pass the disease to their babies during vaginal childbirth. Risk factors include multiple sex partners. Young women are particularly susceptible to infection because the cervix is not yet fully mature. Symptoms are often mild or absent. If present they may appear between one to three weeks after exposure. In women symptoms may include abnormal discharge from the vagina or burning during urination, and in men the disease may manifest as a discharge from the penis...
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| Free Essay on STDs: Chlamydia» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Genital Herpes |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Genital Herpes Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Genital herpes is an infection caused most often by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) but occasionally by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which more commonly causes cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth and lips. Genital herpes is widespread in the United States, with one out of five people ages twelve and older being infected. From the late 1970s to the early 1990s the incidence of the disease in the United States increased by 30 percent. HSV infections are more common in women than in men, suggesting that male-to-female exposure is more likely to result in herpes than female-to-male exposure. Generally, genital herpes occurs when a person engages in sex... |
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| Free Essay on STDs: Genital Herpes» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) (genital warts, condylomata) infection is caused by a group of more than 100 strains of viruses, of which more than thirty may be sexually transmitted. At least 50 percent of sexually active persons will contract HPV infection, and by the age of fifty, at least 80 percent of all women will have been infected with HPV making this one of the most widespread STDs. Strains of the virus that result in STDs are mainly transmitted through sexual contact of the genitals. Most people who become infected with HPV do not present symptoms yet can continue unknowingly to transmit the virus to uninfected sexual partners. Pregnant women can... |
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| Free Essay on STDs: Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV)» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Gonorrhea |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Gonorrhea Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are those diseases transmitted primarily through sexual means, which may include oral, anal, or genital contact; osculation (kissing); or manual stimulation. STDs are also referred to as sexually transmitted infection (STI), venereal diseases (VD), and reproductive tract infections (RTI). Though other diseases may also be transmitted through sexual contact, the term STD is reserved for an infection spread primarily through sexual means. The source of infection may be bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitical. Depending upon the infecting agent, the resulting disease may remain localized at the site of infection (such as the genitalia or sex organs) or... |
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| Free Essay on STDs: Gonorrhea» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: HIV / AIDS |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: HIV / AIDS Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. AIDS is a serious infection first reported in the United States in 1981 that has subsequently become a worldwide epidemic. The syndrome is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The virus progressively kills and damages cells of the body's immune system and severely diminishes a person's ability to combat infections and some cancers. Further, it increases the chances of contracting other life-threatening opportunistic infections (such as viral or bacterial) that normally do not cause disease in healthy people. Though HIV can be spread through infected blood products (rarely in the early twenty-first century) and contaminated needles, the most common mode of transmission is through... |
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| Free Essay on STDs: HIV / AIDS» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. PID is a general term that refers to infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and other reproductive organs. It is a common and serious complication of STDs, especially chlamydia and gonorrhea. Young women under twenty-five are particularly at risk for developing PID because the cervix is not yet fully mature. Douching and the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) increase the risk of infections if exposed to them. Symptoms of PID vary depending on the infecting agent. Infections caused by chlamydia may be mild to nonexistent. When symptoms occur they may include lower abdominal pain, fever, odorous vaginal discharge, painful intercourse or urination, and spotting between... |
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| Free Essay on STDs: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Syphilis |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Syphilis Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Syphilis is a serious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Since 2001 the incidence of syphilis has increased, especially among homosexual males. The disease is transmitted by direct contact with a syphilis sore, most commonly found on the genitalia, vagina, anus, rectum, or mouth. Pregnant women who are infected can pass the disease onto their babies. Though many infected individuals remain asymptomatic for years, initial symptoms of primary-stage syphilis may include the appearance of one or more chancres (sores) that present between ten and ninety days after exposure. Chancres are usually round, firm, small, and painless and can last anywhere from... |
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| Free Essay on STDs: Syphilis» |
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| Essay on Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Trichomoniasis |
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| Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Trichomoniasis Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. In women infections are usually situated in the vagina and in men in the urethra. The parasite spreads through penis-vagina or vulva-vulva contact. Though women can contract the disease from either infected men or women, men generally only contract trichomoniasis from infected women. Symptoms in women may include a frothy, yellowgreen, odorous discharge from the vagina that may cause irritation and itching, discomfort during intercourse or urination, and occasionally lower abdominal pain. Infected men generally do not show symptoms, but there may be a discharge or... |
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| Free Essay on STDs: Trichomoniasis» |
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| Essay on The Smallpox Vaccine |
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| The Smallpox Vaccine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. On May 14, 1796, British physician Edward Jenner performed a vital experiment by making two half-inch scratches on the arm of eight-year-old James Phipps and dabbing cowpox pus into them. The pus had come from the cowpox blisters on the hands of milkmaid Sarah Nelmes, who had milked a cow infected with cowpox, as evidenced by lesions on the teats and udder. Phipps developed symptoms of mild cowpox but suffered no long term effects. Six weeks later, Jenner exposed Phipps to smallpox virus in the same manner that he had exposed the boy to cowpox, but Phipps did not become ill. When Jenner exposed Phipps to cowpox, the boy's immune system developed antibodies ready to combat the virus, and these same antibodies... |
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| Free Essay on Smallpox Vaccine» |
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| Essay on Stem Cell Research Ethical Issues |
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| Stem Cell Research Ethical Issues Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The ethical aspects of human stem cell research raise a wide variety of controversial and important issues. Many of these issues have to do with the different sources of stem cells. In principle stem cells can be obtained from adults, from umbilical cord blood, from fetal tissue and from embryonic tissue. Clearly there are widely differing views as to the ethics of sourcing stem cells in these four different ways. For the moment there is general consensus that embryos are the best source of stem cells for therapeutic purposes but this may of course change as the science develops. Then there is the question of whether or not embryos or fetuses may be deliberately produced in order to be sources... |
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| Free Essay on Stem Cell Research» |
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| Essay on Stimulant Drugs Abuse |
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| Stimulant Drugs Abuse Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The stimulants are some of the most commonly used drugs throughout the world. They include legal and illegal variants. Since the legal drug caffeine, found in coffee and sodas, is ubiquitous and socially accepted, some people don't realize that it is indeed a drug. Stimulants can be found in cold and flu preparations where they are used as bronchodilators and to counteract the sedation of antihistamines. Stimulants are promoted on television as weight reduction pills, although their effectiveness is extremely short-lived and of little true help. Stimulants such as cocaine and the amphetamines are ever-present street drugs. Modifications in route of administration have given the world crack cocaine and ice amphetamine... |
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| Free Essay on Stimulant Drugs» |
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| Essay on The Structure of Human Intelligence |
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| The Structure of Human Intelligence Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. All scientists accept that human intelligence evolved along with the gigantic human brain. However, did intelligence, in general, evolve, or did specific components of intelligence evolve? If general intelligence evolved, but not its specific components, then the human brain must be extremely flexible during its development. If the specific components of intelligence evolved as well, then all humans regardless of culture and of how they are raised will display certain universal characteristics. Certain human universals of intelligence and behavior are beyond question. One is language. The human brain seems to be "hardwired" for language acquisition, and specifically for language that consists... |
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| Free Essay on Structure of Human Intelligence» |
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| Essay on Synthesizing Human Hormones |
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| Synthesizing Human Hormones Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. In 1936--after being rejected for a position with the Institute of Paper Chemistry because he was black--Percy Lavon Julian became director of the Soya Products Division at the Glidden Company in Chicago. He would soon be the first to synthesize physostigmine, a natural product of some plant sterols, which would become a therapeutic drug to treat myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, and drug overdoses. He also laid a foundation for the synthesis of human hormones--such as progesterone, testosterone, cortisone, and other steroids--from plant sterols. The wide availability of such compounds and their use in pharmaceuticals would revolutionize medicine. To appreciate Julian's invention, it is... |
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| Essay on Syphilis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment |
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| Syphilis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by the Treponema pallidum spirochete (a spirochete is a type of bacterium that is thin, long, and coiled in shape). Called the great pretender or great imitator, syphilis has a number of signs and symptoms that may mimic those of other conditions. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease/sexually transmitted infection that most commonly occurs in people aged twenty to twenty-nine. Women aged twenty to twenty-four and men aged thirty-five to thirty-nine are the most likely groups to be diagnosed with syphilis. In the early years of the twenty-first century, the majority of syphilis cases have occurred in men who have sex with men... |
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| Essay on Benefits of Safe Tanning |
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| Benefits of Safe Tanning Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. New York Times Personal Health columnist Jane Brody recently wrote an article on the benefits of sunshine titled A Second Opinion on Sunshine. Her main interviewee was Dr. Michael Holick, a professor of medicine, dermatology, physiology and biophysics at the Boston University School of Medicine. He was the first person to discover the active form of vitamin D. He has spent decades researching the effects of vitamin D in the body. Although many doctors have warned against UV radiation exposure, Dr. Holick's research contradicts these beliefs. He states that brief exposure to the sun, or a tanning bed, several times a week can help keep away many diseases. These diseases include osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes... |
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| Essay on Why Do Teens Smoke? |
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| Why Do Teens Smoke? Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Cigarette smoking among youth has shown considerable fluctuation since the mid-1970s, having first fallen, then remained stable, then raised again, and most recently declined. Additionally, the trends differ drastically between race and ethnic groups, the largest declines are occurring among Blacks and Hispanics. With the harm of smoking and the likelihood of teen smokers continuing the habit for decades to come, these trends have generated much interest. Despite speculation about the possible role of changes in individual characteristics that promote smoking and of larger-level changes in cultural norms, social strain, media influence, and cigarette prices, tests of such claims are rare. Generally, research done... |
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| Essay on The Effects of Black Death |
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| The Effects of Black Death Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The immediate effect of the Black Death was a precipitous drop in population. From 1348 to 1400, during which time there were several outbreaks of bubonic plague, Europe as a whole (east and west) witnessed a loss of between 22 and 28 million individuals out of a total population of some 73 to 74 million. In short, in a fifty-year period as many as one in three Europeans fell victim to the plague. In Florence the death rate was particularly high; in 1348 alone its population dropped from approximately 120,000 to some 40,000 souls, and losses were even greater in other parts of Tuscany. Italy as a whole probably lost one half its population in the latter half of the fourteenth century. Death became... |
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| Essay on Transgenic Animals |
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| Transgenic Animals Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. The first report of transgenic mice derived from microinjected embryos was published in 1980. Since that time many other animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, and cows have joined the ranks of complex organisms whose natural genetic endowment has been supplemented in this fashion with genes from widely diverse organisms. Other ingenious transgenic methods besides microinjection have been developed as research and commercial laboratories across the world continue to expand the horizons of transgenics. All of these techniques have in common a unique phenomenon -- the meeting and mixing of genes from organisms which had been separated by millions or sometimes even billions of years of evolution... |
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| Essay on Human Twins |
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| Human Twins Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Human twins have always been objects of especial interest, partly perhaps on account of the fine humor of the situation, and partly because of the frequent occurrence of "look-alike" twins or "duplicate" twins. Popular interest has quite naturally focused upon the striking similarity, amounting in some cases to almost complete identity, which exists in certain types of twins; this emphasis upon resemblance is justified by the biological analysis of twinning, as is shown in what follows. Biologists have for some time recognized at least two distinct types of human twins: fraternal and duplicate. Fraternal twins may or may not be same-sexed, are usually no more alike than are brothers and sisters, and are believed to be... |
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| Essay on What Is Attention Deficit Disorder |
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| What Is Attention Deficit Disorder Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Current concepts of hyperkinetic and attention deficit disorder have several historical roots (Rutter, 1982; Schachar, 1986; Weiss & Hechtman, 1986). However, much of the earlier literature was based on the notion that the disorder was synonymous with "minimal brain dysfunction" or MBD (Wender, 1971; Clements, 1966). This idea derived from the writings of Strauss and his colleagues (Strauss & Lehtinen, 1947) regarding behavioral syndromes supposedly due to brain damage in mildly mentally handicapped individuals; from the studies of Pasamanick and his colleagues (Pasamanick & Knobloch, 1966) linking a "continuum of reproductive casualty" with hyperactive behaviour; and most of all from... |
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| Free Essay on What is ADD» |
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