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The Persian Gulf War was fought between Iraq and a coalition of nations led by the United States. The conflict began with the 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by approximately 120,000 Iraqi troops and 2,000 tanks. Before the end of the week, the Kuwaiti armed forces were overrun, with the exception of a substantial portion of the air force that managed to escape to Saudi Arabia, and Saddam Hussein had declared Kuwait the 19th province of Iraq.

Throughout the 1980s, Iraq had accumulated a substantial debt from its 1980-1988 war with Iran and the continuing policy of the regime to maintain a substantial military infrastructure, the largest in the region. In an effort to relieve this debt, Iraq attempted to negotiate production limitations in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and debt rescheduling schedules. However, the Gulf States began to increase production rates beyond agreed-upon limits and Iraq drifted deeper into financial difficulties. The annexation of Kuwait was seen as a way to provide Saddam with control of a substantial portion of the world's oil reserves and the means to pay down Iraq's debt while still maintaining its military.

President George H. W. Bush understood that control of Kuwait represented a vital interest to the United States. Furthermore, Iraqi expansion threatened the key U.S. ally in the region, Saudi Arabia. With Kuwait conquered, Baghdad massed troops along the Kuwaiti-Saudi border, prompting fears of further Iraqi attacks. Bush set about organizing a multinational coalition of nations to oppose Saddam. Bush and Secretary of State James A. Baker III conducted a furious round of diplomacy to garner international support. Bush and Baker were able to secure the support of Russia, the former Cold War nemesis of the United States, as well as a range of Middle East states, including Egypt and Syria, and the Persian Gulf states, which provided troops. America's main European allies provided troops and logistical support, and on 10 August, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization offered support to the coalition and stationed troops to cover forces deployed to the Persian Gulf. The coalition of the willing eventually included Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom, along with the United States. In addition, India allowed the United States to use refueling stations in the Indian Ocean. Bush ordered U.S. forces into the region in Operation Desert Shield, in which some 230,000 American and coalition troops deployed to defend Saudi Arabia.

The United Nations (UN) Security Council adopted a number of measures repudiating Saddam's invasion and implementing a range of punitive actions designed to force the withdrawal of Iraqi forces. UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 660, passed on 2 August 1990, condemned the invasion and demanded the withdrawal of Iraqi forces. UNSCR 661 imposed economic sanctions upon Iraq, while nine subsequent resolutions also addressed Iraq. Finally, on 29 November 1990, UNSCR 668 set a deadline of 15 January 1991 for Iraqi withdrawal, after which the Saddam regime would face military action. . .

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