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Modern colonialism, which exploded during the 19th century, may be defined as the social, economic, political, and administrative measures powerful nations use to exercise control over less powerful people or less developed regions. By the time of World War I, many European nations--France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, and, supremely, Great Britain--had relentlessly expanded. The United States played its colonial hand shrewdly too, acquiring Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, and portions of Cuba.

World War I had a decisive impact on the international colonial scene. Germany and the Ottoman Empire lost the few colonial possessions they had left to Britain and France. But at the same time, certain colonies of the British Empire, notably Ireland and India, were exhibiting various forms of defiance, leading in the case of the former to the quasi-independent Irish Free State and, in India, to the astonishing success of the civil disobedience movement, led by Mohandas K. Gandhi. World War II left the European imperial powers too exhausted to maintain order in their troublesome empires. In 1945, Syria and Lebanon, and, in 1947, India and Pakistan, gained independence. The French attempted to hold on to Indochina, but they were defeated in the Indochina War, which led to the independent states of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The 1950s witnessed the decolonization of Africa, a process that, with the exception of South Africa, was completed by 1962.

Neocolonialism (a term credited to Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first post-independence president) describes the condition of economic and technological control exercised by former colonial powers, particularly the United States and Soviet Union, in the postwar world. With the breakup of the Soviet Union, the United States emerged as the major source of economic and cultural neocolonialism, aptly summarized in the term McWorld.

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