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|  Essay on The Postwar Restructuring of Germany |
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| The Postwar Restructuring of Germany Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. At the end of World War II, Germany lay devastated, the country divided and occupied by the victorious Allied powers. Ultimately the national scale would survive, but in altered form. Two distinct German nation-states, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), joined Austria and Switzerland, whose prewar borders were preserved. Both German states and Austria were subordinated in an international system marked by the rivalry of the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. In the postwar political order of central Europe, the international scale took on a new significance. In the FRG, the basic structures of the liberal state... |
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| Essay on The Postwar Restructuring of Germany » |
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| Essay on The Neutral Nations in WW2 |
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| The Neutral Nations in WW2 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Few major nations chose or were able to remain neutral during World War II. Belgium proclaimed neutrality, but was brutally invaded during Germany's initial assault on the West. The Netherlands had received assurances from Adolf Hitler that its neutrality would be respected, but it, too, was invaded during the Battle of France. The United States adhered to its Neutrality Acts, although increasingly close cooperation with the British marked an unmistakable drift toward war until the Battle of Pearl Harbor forced Franklin D. Roosevelt's hand. The Republic of Ireland remained neutral throughout the war, largely because of its long history of hostility toward Great Britain. It was the only... |
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| Essay on The Neutral Nations in WW2 » |
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| Essay on The Rape of Nanking |
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| The Rape of Nanking Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Also called the Nanking Massacre and (in Japan), the Nanking Incident, the Rape of Nanking describes the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army in and around Nanking (Nanjing), which was the capital of China at the time of the city's fall to the Japanese on December 13, 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War. Japanese soldiers entered Nanking on December 13 and over at least the next six weeks committed atrocities including looting, rape, arson, and the wanton slaughter of noncombatant civilians and prisoners of war. Modern Chinese historians adhere to the Chinese Communist Party estimates that some 300,000 civilians were killed in Nanking. Some of these victims may in fact have been... |
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| Essay on The Rape of Nanking » |
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| Essay on MI5 (British Military Intelligence) |
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| MI5 (British Military Intelligence) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. During World War II, the British security service MI5 shared with MI6 and the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police authority for evaluating and advising the government on intelligence relating to national security. MI5 provided intelligence to aid in defense against espionage, sabotage, and political subversion. The personnel of MI5 and MI6 often came into conflict over matters of jurisdiction. Originally, when the two agencies were established under the War Office before World War I, MI5 (created in 1909 by Sir Vernon Kell) was responsible for intelligence within the United Kingdom to a limit of three miles off the coastline. Additionally, MI5 could cooperate in intelligence... |
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| Essay on MI5 (British Military Intelligence) » |
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| Essay on The Japanese Kamikaze Pilots |
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| The Japanese Kamikaze Pilots Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Japanese word kamikaze, commonly translated as "divine wind," refers to a legendary typhoon that is believed to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281. During World War II (and in the present day as well) the word has been used in English to refer to suicide attacks made principally by Japanese pilots. The Japanese themselves reserved (and continue to reserve) kamikaze to describe only the 1281 typhoon. A World War II suicide attack unit was officially called tokubetsu kogeki tai, "special attack unit," and was usually shortened to tokkotai. The Imperial Japanese Navy called its suicide squads shinpu tokubetsu kogeki tai; the word shinpu uses the same characters that... |
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| Essay on The Japanese Kamikaze Pilots » |
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| Essay on Great Britain in World War II |
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| Great Britain in World War II Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. As World War II approached, Britain was at the center of an empire that, although it was about to enter its twilight, covered a quarter of the globe. At the outbreak of the war, the United Kingdom, encompassing Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the six northeastern Irish counties that remained part of the United Kingdom after the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922), had a population of only 47,700,000, but the territory and peoples tied to Britain were vast. These included the dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, since 1931 having the status in international law of independent nations that shared the same monarch with Britain (in the World War II era, King George VI)... |
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| Essay on Great Britain in World War II » |
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| Essay on German Resistance to Nazism |
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| German Resistance to Nazism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. From the perspective of the Allies fighting Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany seemed a nation gripped in monolithic totalitarianism, a population of virtual robots. In fact, allegiance to Hitler and Nazism was by no means universal among Germans, and Widerstand, the collective name given to the resistance movements in Nazi Germany, was active throughout the war. The extent of this resistance may be gauged in part by recognizing that between 1938 and 1945, there were no fewer than 17 attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler, all efforts of Widerstand. The July 20 Plot, the final assassination attempt masterminded by army officer Claus von Stauffenberg in 1944, was the product of a network... |
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| Essay on German Resistance to Nazism » |
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| Essay on Allied Espionage and Counterespionage Agencies |
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| Allied Espionage and Counterespionage Agencies Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In no previous war was intelligence, which is built in large part on espionage and defended by counterespionage, more important than in World War II. All the major combatants developed and operated significant espionage and counterespionage agencies, and the resistance movements within virtually all the nations occupied by the Axis had espionage as their principal activity. Allied Intelligence Bureau (AIB). Established in the Southwest Pacific by Supreme Allied Commander, Pacific General Douglas MacArthur, AIB united Australian and American intelligence officers, who coordinated the efforts not only of military intelligence and reconnaissance, but also of indigenous... |
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| Essay on British Civil Defense in WW2 |
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| British Civil Defense in WW2 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. A major component of British civil defense was the formation of the Local Defence Volunteers on May 14, 1940. Dubbed "Dad's Army" and soon officially renamed the Home Guard, this force reached a peak enlistment of 1,727,000 men and 31,000 women in June 1944, before it was disbanded in December of that year. The function of the Home Guard was chiefly to watch the coasts and to guard airfields and factories. However, the Home Guard was also used as a means of preparing 17-year-old and 18-year-old boys for service in the regular military. Additionally, Home Guard personnel performed a variety of civil defense duties, and some 140,000 manned antiaircraft artillery. Another civil defense... |
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| Essay on British Civil Defense in WW2 » |
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| Essay on Biological Warfare in WW2 |
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| Biological Warfare in WW2 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Biological warfare (BW) did not figure among the horrors of World War II on any large scale. Only two combatant nations are known to have used it, Poland and Japan. In 1943, the Polish Home Army, a resistance organization, disseminated typhoid (by means of infected lice) and managed to kill several hundred German troops and agents of the Gestapo. Far more extensive were Japanese BW efforts. During the interwar period, in the 1930s, the Japanese Imperial Army created two units devoted to biological warfare. The mission of Unit 100 was to create and deploy biological agents for small-scale sabotage purposes, while the mission of the far more notorious Unit 731, known as the Ishii Detachment... |
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| Essay on Biological Warfare in WW2 » |
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| Essay on The Allied Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) |
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| The Allied Invasion of Normandy (D-Day) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Allied invasion of Normandy on D day, June 6, 1944, was the largest, most complicated military action in history. Operation Overlord, as it was named, involved more than 4,000 ships, transporting men and shelling the Normandy shore; 10,000 aircraft, providing protection and carrying airborne divisions; and 130,000 American, British, and Canadian troops, a figure that, within a month, rose to 1 million. The event itself was preceded by months of diplomatic and political negotiations, strategic and tactical planning, and the critical guessing game, played with the enemy, as to when and where the landing would take place. The deception that led the Germans to assume the invasion... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) |
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| The Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. A joint naval and land engagement, the invasion of Leyte in the Philippines in October 1944 and the subsequent naval engagement at Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history, ended in decisive American victories. The Japanese plan of attack included a diversionary tactic to lure the U.S. Third Fleet, under Admiral William Halsey, away from its supporting role in the American invasion of the island. The trick worked insofar as the fleet sailed northward in pursuit of the Japanese decoys, but the few remaining American ships were able to hold their own in the face of a full-scale Japanese attack long enough for Halsey's main force to return to the battle. At its conclusion... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) » |
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| Essay on The July 20 Plot Against Hitler |
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| The July 20 Plot Against Hitler Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. On July 20, 1944, Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, a German staff officer, placed a suitcase containing a bomb under the conference table in Adolf Hitler's headquarters at Rastenburg in East Prussia. The attempt to kill the fuhrer was the key element of a plot in which a group of German officers and other individuals, including the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, planned to take over the German government and presumably arrange a peace with the Allies, bringing to an end a war they knew they could not win. Unhappily, while many of the others in the room were killed, Hitler suffered only slight wounds. Someone had moved the suitcase away from him shortly before the bomb detonated... |
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| Essay on The July 20 Plot Against Hitler » |
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| Essay on The Italian Campaign of World War II |
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| The Italian Campaign of World War II Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. After the success of the campaign in North Africa, the Allies--British forces under the command of General Bernard Montgomery, Americans led by General George Patton--invaded Sicily in July 1943. By the beginning of September, Sicily was in Allied hands. On September 3, British troops landed in the toe of the Italian boot and proceeded up the eastern coast along the Adriatic Sea. Five days later the Americans landed at Salerno on the west coast, south of Naples. By this time the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini had been deposed and imprisoned by the new government of Marshal Pietro Badoglio. In September, the same month as the landings on the mainland, Badoglio negotiated... |
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| Essay on The Italian Campaign of World War II » |
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| Essay on The Axis Occupation of Greece (1941-1944) |
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| The Axis Occupation of Greece (1941-1944) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. On October 28, 1940, Benito Mussolini issued an ultimatum to Greek dictator General John Metaxas, demanding passage through Greek territory. Although Greece was in many respects itself a country ruled by fascism, acquiescence to the ultimatum would have been a major humiliation. Metaxas's reply, a simple and resounding "no," is still celebrated as a national holiday in Greece. The Italians attacked. They expected an easy time of it but were soon pushed back into Albania, where winter weather led to a stalemate. Unwilling to let that result stand, Germany invaded Greece on April 6 of the following year and entered Athens on April 27. King George II and the government of Emmanuel Tsouderos... |
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| Essay on The Axis Occupation of Greece (1941-1944) » |
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| Essay on The Fall of France (1940) |
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| The Fall of France (1940) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. On May 10, 1940, a full eight months after the formal declaration of war in September 1939, German troops launched a long-expected attack in western Europe, but, in a surprise maneuver, the main German assault came through Luxembourg and the Ardennes Forest. With astonishing speed, German Panzer divisions slashed through Allied lines, cutting off British and French troops in the north, leading to the evacuation at Dunkirk. Meanwhile French forces in the south were forced to retreat from the numerically superior German army, which had simply bypassed the "impregnable" Maginot Line, the core of French defensive strategy. On June 10, Mussolini's Italian government, delighted to get in on a sure... |
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| Essay on The Fall of France (1940) » |
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| Essay on The Dunkirk Evacuation (1940) |
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| The Dunkirk Evacuation (1940) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The German blitzkrieg offensive in the spring of 1940 was so successful that the German high command feared they had advanced too far too quickly, just as they had in the opening months of World War I. As a result, after encircling the British army and 100,000 French troops in the port of Dunkirk in Belgium, Adolf Hitler issued a stop-order, halting the German advance on May 24, 1940. The order was revoked two days later, but the halt had given the British just enough time to initiate Operation Dynamo, the code name for the evacuation from Dunkirk across the North Sea to England. The evacuation involved, in addition to a large British fleet, hundreds of small boats, carrying troops from the shore... |
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| Essay on The Dunkirk Evacuation (1940) » |
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| Essay on The Battle of Crete 1941 |
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| The Battle of Crete 1941 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In April 1941, the German army invaded Greece in an attempt to save face for an Italian army whose 1940 invasion of Greece had been routed. Despite valiant Greek opposition, aided by British troops, on April 27, Greeks had to endure the sight of the swastika waving over the Acropolis in Athens. The final step in the German campaign in the Balkans was the island of Crete. To cap off the triumph on the mainland, the German general staff decided on an airborne invasion of the island. Although the British and Greek forces on Crete were hopelessly ill equipped to withstand a German invasion, they had one distinct advantage: prior notice of the German plans, thanks to the code breaking... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Crete 1941 » |
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| Essay on The Burma Campaign 1942-1945 |
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| The Burma Campaign 1942-1945 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Burma (now Myanmar) became a part of the British Empire in 1885, as a province of India. Once the British entered the Pacific war against the Japanese, Burma assumed critical importance, since the Burma Road, a one-lane highway that stretched from Burma to Chungking, China, was the only land route by which Chinese forces could be supplied in their battle against the Japanese. In January 1942, the Japanese invaded Burma, easily overwhelming the undermanned British forces, and two months later were able to seal off the Burma Road. By February, they had captured the capital, Rangoon (now Yangon). Chinese reinforcements, one group led by an American general, Vinegar Joe Stilwell... |
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| Essay on The Burma Campaign 1942-1945 » |
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| Essay on The Battle of Britain (1940) |
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| The Battle of Britain (1940) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. After the fall of France in June 1940, the German general staff began its preparations for the invasion of England. The invasion was to be preceded by massive air attacks, designed, in the words of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) chief, Field Marshal Goring, "to have the enemy . . . down on its knees in the nearest future so that an occupation of the island by our troops can proceed without any risk." Goring's overconfidence suffered serious setbacks from the beginning of the battle. Although the Luftwaffe had a greater number of trained pilots, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had more planes, and the British fighter planes--Spitfires and Hurricanes--were equal, if not superior, to the German Messerschmitts... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Britain (1940) » |
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| Essay on The Blitz (1940-1941) |
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| The Blitz (1940-1941) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. A shortened form of the German word Blitzkrieg ("lightning war"), the term is used to describe the bombing of London and other English cities in 1940-41. The blitz was a test of the nerves and courage of the English civilian population. English unflappability reached its quintessential expression in the behavior of the civilian population faced with nightly raids that took the lives of thousands and destroyed numberless buildings and homes--all of it occurring with the threat of imminent German invasion looming on the horizon. As the alarm sounded evening after evening, the citizens of London would calmly gather up some bedding and proceed to the Underground stations or other shelters... |
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| Essay on The Blitz (1940-1941) » |
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| Essay on Operation Barbarossa (1941) |
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| Operation Barbarossa (1941) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The code name Barbarossa stood for perhaps the most significant decision of World War II, the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 21, 1941. Against the advice of most of his general staff, Adolf Hitler decided to postpone the invasion of England in order to attack the nation with which he had concluded a peace pact two years earlier. He was partly motivated by the poor performance of the Soviet army in its war with Finland in 1940. The Soviet army had been seriously weakened by Joseph Stalin's purge of high-ranking officers during the Great Terror of the 1930s, resulting in the execution of more than half of the army's senior commanders. But despite Stalin's paranoid folly, compounded... |
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| Essay on Operation Barbarossa (1941) » |
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| Essay on The Ardennes Offensive (1944-45) |
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| The Ardennes Offensive (1944-45) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The success of the Normandy Invasion forced the German army back to the borders of the Rhine. The Allied capture of the port of Antwerp in the Netherlands in 1944 was a critical victory since it considerably shortened the Allied support line. Faced with the prospect of fighting a defensive war against the British and Americans in the west and the Russians in the east, Adolf Hitler chose to gamble on a major offensive effort in the west, with the goal of recapturing Antwerp. He ordered the German commander, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, to focus the attack in the Ardennes forest on the Belgian, Luxembourg, and French borders, the scene of a major German breakthrough in their victorious... |
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