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	▪ American History ▪ Art ▪ Biographies ▪ Business ▪ Case Studies ▪ Communication & Media ▪ Computer Technologies ▪ Controversial Topics ▪ Culture ▪ Economics ▪ Education ▪ Environmental Issues ▪ Finance		▪ Geography ▪ Health ▪ History Age of Discovery Alexander the Great Alexander's Place in Historyv American History Ancient Babylon Ancient Egypt Athens Benito Mussolini British Empire Constantinople Crusades Egyptian Pyramids Egyptian Religion Fertile Crescent Greco-Persian Wars History of Babylonia Iran-Iraqi War New Spain Peloponnesian War Romanization and Hellenization Sparta pharaoh ▪ Internet ▪ Management ▪ Media ▪ Philosophy ▪ Politics ▪ Religion ▪ Roman History ▪ Science and Technology ▪ Sociology ▪ World Literature


	The History of HIV/AIDS

	Imagine a disease that was usually fatal and could spread each and every time two people have sex. Now imagine that that disease progressed so slowly that it took an average of ten years from the time of infection until the infected person's death, sometimes as much as twenty years. Let's also imagine that the disease was caused by a virus so small, a mere 130 millionth of a millimeter in diameter, that if it was magnified several times, it still could not be seen with the naked eye. And what if the disease affected mostly people in the prime of their lives, rather than at the end of their years? And what if the disease produced hideous symptoms like purplish blotches on the skin, extreme fatigue, and severe weight loss? And imagine that disease was new and spreading around the world at an alarming rate, infecting tens of millions of people.


	▪	Alternative Schooling
	▪	Freedom of Speech: Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
	▪	Homosexuality: Biology and/or Culture?
	▪	Fossil Fuels: Coal, Gas, and Petroleum
	▪	Generating and Transmitting Electricity
	▪	Rise of the Steel Industry
	▪	The Development of the Automobile
	▪	Extinction of Species
	▪	Legalization of Drugs
	▪	Corporate Social Responsibility
	▪	The U.S.A. Patriot Act
	▪	Death Penalty Contradictions
	▪	The Right to Die
	▪	Affirmative Action: Pursuing Fairness
	▪	The Abortion Reform Movement
	▪	Puritanism in America
	▪	Early Christian Art
	▪	Theodore Roosevelt
	▪	Labor Rights
	▪	Medieval Chivalry
	▪	Understanding Marijuana
	▪	Medicine in the Classical World
	▪	Health Care Policy in the US
	▪	Psychedelic Drugs Abuse
	▪	Ethics of Doctor-Patient Relationships
	▪	Religion of Rome and Early Italy
	▪	Standardized Testing
	▪	Economics of Alfred Marshall
	▪	Confucian Moral Self Cultivation
	▪	Genocide in Rwanda
	▪	Andy Warhol
	▪	Accounting Ethics
	▪	Benito Mussolini
	▪	Anthony Comstock
	▪	Henry Ford
	▪	Bram Stoker
	▪	The Television Industries: Broadcast, Cable, and Satellite
	▪	Online Gambling
	▪	New Spain
	▪	Homeopathy
	▪	International Financial Flows
	▪	Experiencing Culture Shock
	▪	Computer-Mediated Communication
	▪	Political Advertising
	▪	International Human Rights
	▪	The Iran-Contra Affairs

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History Custom Essays samples

▪	Age of Discovery


	Age of Discovery

	The so-called Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. In the process, Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them. Among the most famous explorers of the period were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Alvares Cabral, John Cabot, Yermak, Juan Ponce de Leon, and Ferdinand Magellan. The Age of Exploration was rooted in new technologies and ideas growing out of the Renaissance, these included advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding. Many people wanted to find a route to Asia through the west of Europe. The most important development was the invention of first the carrack and then caravel in Iberia. These that were a combination of traditional European and Arab designs were the first ships that could leave the relatively passive Mediterranean and sail safely on the open Atlantic.

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▪	Alexander the Great


	Alexander the Great

	No soldier in history is more indisputably "great" than Alexander, surpassing the majority even of good and eminent generals, as do Napoleon and very few others. What marks him out - even more than the quality both of his swift tactical insight and deliberate strategic planning - is the "daemonic" strength of will and leadership with which he dragged a war weary army with unbroken success to Khodjend and the Punjab. He wrote his name across the Near and Middle East for two hundred years; and yet his work was ephemeral, in that the Empire which he left, even in the strong hands of the early Seleukids, was dying on its feet from the first generation.

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▪	Alexander's Place in Historyv


	Alexander's Place in History

	Alexander the Great, King of Macedon 336-323 BC, was arguably the most successful military commander of ancient history, conquering most of the known world before his death. Born in 356 BC in Pella, Macedonia. Alexander is also known in Zoroastrian Middle Persian works such as the Arda Wiraz as "the accursed Alexander" due to his destruction of the Persian Empire and its capital Persepolis. He is also known in Eastern traditions as Dhul-Qarnayn (the two-horned one), apparently due to an image on coins minted during his rule that seemingly depicted him with the two ram's horns of the Egyptian god Ammon. In Iran, north-west India and modern-day Pakistan, he is known as Sikandar-e-Azam (Alexander the Great) and many male children are named Sikandar (or Iskander) after him. Following the unification of the multiple city-states of ancient Greece under the rule of his father, Philip II of Macedon, (a labor Alexander had to repeat - twice - because the southern Greeks rebelled after Philip's death), Alexander conquered the Persian Empire, including Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Gaza, Egypt, Bactria and Mesopotamia, and extended the boundaries of his own empire as far as the Punjab. Alexander integrated non-Greeks into his army and administration, leading some scholars to credit him with a "policy of fusion." He encouraged marriage between Greeks and non-Greeks, and practiced it himself. After twelve years of constant military campaigning, Alexander died, possibly of malaria, typhoid or a viral encephalitis. His conquests ushered in centuries of Greek settlement and rule over non-Greek areas, a period known as the Hellenistic Age. Alexander himself lived on in the history and myth of both Greek and non-Greek peoples. Already during his lifetime, and especially after his death, his exploits inspired a literary tradition in which he appears as a towering legendary hero in the tradition of Achilles.

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▪	American History


	American Civil War

	...If the south could not import supplies from other nations, it would be doomed. It lacked many important production facilities and depended on trade from Britain, France, and others. Therefore the United States placed and maintained a blockade to prevent the south from receiving these supplies. This would devastate the south and decrease the length of the war. Another disadvantage to the south is the possibility of the 3.6 million slaves turning their backs on the south and taking up arms. The slaves had great reasons for turning on the south and helping the north.

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▪	Ancient Babylon


	Ancient Babylon

	Babylon is the Greek variant of Akkadian Babilu, an ancient city in Mesopotamia, modern Al Hillah, Iraq). It was the capital of the Babylonian empire from ca. 600 BC. In the Hebrew Bible, the name appears as Babel, interpreted by popular etymology to mean "confusion". Akkadian bab-ilu, which means "Gate of God", translating Sumerian Kadingirra. The earliest mention of Babylon is in a dated tablet of the reign of Sargon of Akkad (24th century BC short chr.), who made it the capital of his empire. Over the years its power and population waned. For centuries it was just another provincial town, until it became the capital of Hammurabi's empire (18th century BC).

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▪	Ancient Egypt


	Ancient Egypt

	The history of ancient Egypt begins around 3300 BC when Egypt became a unified Egyptian state. It survived as an independent state until about 1300 BC, however, archeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society existed for a much longer period�

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▪

Athens


	Athens

	Athens was the leading city in Greece during the greatest period of Greek civilization during the 1st millennium BC. During the "Golden Age" of Greece (roughly 500 BC to 300 BC) it was the Western world's leading cultural and intellectual center, and indeed it is in the ideas and practices of ancient Athens that what we now call "Western civilization" has its origins. After its days of greatness, Athens continued to be a prosperous city and a centre of learning until the late Roman period. The history of Athens is the longest of any city in Europe: Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 3,000 years. It was the birthplace of democracy and it became the leading city of Ancient Greece in the first millennium BC. Its cultural achievements during the 5th century BC are said to have laid the foundations of western civilisation. After a long period of decline under the rule of the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire, Athens re-emerged in the 19th century as the capital of the independent Greek state.

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▪	Benito Mussolini


	Benito Mussolini

	Benito Mussolini, the oldest of Alessandro Mussolini's and Rosa Maltoni's three children, was born on July 29, 1883, in Predappio, a village about ten miles from the city of Forli in that region of east-central Italy called Romagna. Predappio was divided into several scattered groups of houses, and each group had its name. The Mussolinis lived in the one that was then called Dovia. In the early formation of Benito's character four factors are outstanding: the influence of his native Romagna, a land of restlessness and rebellion, once called the Sicily of continental Italy; the ideology of his father, a village blacksmith, atheist, and convinced revolutionary; the middle-class heritage and devout Catholicism of his mother, a gentle, somewhat unbending elementary school teacher; and the distressing poverty of the people around him, shared from time to time by his own family. . .

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▪	British Empire


	The British Empire

	The British Empire was the world's first global power and the largest empire in human history, a product of the European Age of Exploration that began with the global maritime empires of Portugal and Spain in the late 15th century. By 1921, the British Empire held sway over a population of about 470�570 million people � roughly a quarter of the world's population � and covered about 15 million square miles (nearly 37 million square kilometres), almost a third of the world's total land area.

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▪	Constantinople


	The Founding of Constantinople

	On May 11, A. D. 330, on the shores of the Bosphorus, Constantine solemnly dedicated his new capital, Constantinople. Why did the Emperor, turning his back upon ancient Rome, remove to the East the seat of the monarchy? Not only had Constantine no personal liking for the turbulent pagan city of the Caesars, but he also, and not without good reason, considered it badly placed for meeting the new exigencies with which the Empire was confronted. The Gothic peril on the Danube, the Persian peril in Asia, were imminent; and though the powerful tribes of Illyricum offered admirable resources for defense, Rome was too far away to make use of them for that purpose. Diocletian had realized this, and he too had felt the attraction of the Orient.

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▪

Crusades


	Crusades

	The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns - usually sanctioned by the Papacy - that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars of southern France and the Northern Crusades. Beyond the Medieval military events, the word "crusade" has evolved to have multiple meanings and connotations.

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▪	Egyptian Pyramids

▪	Egyptian Religion


	Egyptian Religion

	Egyptian mythology (or Egyptian religion) is the name for the succession of beliefs held by the people of Egypt until the coming of Christianity and Islam. The timespan involved is nearly three thousand years, and beliefs varied considerably over time. As the leaders of the different groups gained and lost power, so the dominent beliefs merged and mutated. First, Ra and Atum became Atum-Ra, with Ra the dominant of the two, and then Ra became absorbed in his turn by Horus into Ra-Herakty. Ptah, on the other hand, after having become Ptah-Seker, was absorbed into Osiris, becoming Ptah-Seker-Osiris. The goddesses fared no better, with Hathor initially absorbing the details of the other goddesses, but ultimately being absorbed into Isis. Meanwhile, the villains similarly amalgamated, with Set, who was initially a hero, absorbing all the aspects of the other evil gods, which he was doomed to do after having been chosen as the favoured god of the Hyksos. At the end of this, all that remained, by the time of hellenic influence over Egypt, was the trinity of Osiris, Isis, and Horus, and their enemy, Set, as exemplified by the Legend of Osiris and Isis. The trinity had absorbed so many of the prior cults, that each was worhipped at their own cult centre - Abydos for Osiris, Dendara for Isis, and Edfu for Horus. Even by this stage, the amalgamation was continuing, with Osiris all but an aspect of Horus (and vice-versa), heading rapidly towards monotheism. Nethertheless, monotheism had briefly existed before, as, in the 13th century, Akhenaten had attempted to introduce the monotheistic worship of Aten, the sun-disc itself, although it was subsequently rejected. According to the Turin Royal Canon, ten gods ruled Egypt, each for long (but finite) periods, prior to the First Dynasty: Ptah, Ra, Su, Seb, Osiris, Set, Horus, Thoth, Ma'at, Horus.

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▪	Fertile Crescent


	Fertile Crescent

	The Fertile Crescent is a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, south-eastern Turkey and south-western Iran. The term "Fertile Crescent" was coined by University of Chicago archeologist James Henry Breasted. The Fertile Crescent has an impressive record of past human activity. As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early modern humans (e.g. at Kebara Cave in Israel), later Pleistocene hunter-gatherers and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers (the Natufians), this area is most famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture. The western zone around the Jordan and upper Euphrates rivers gave rise to the first known Neolithic farming settlements (referred to as Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)), which date to around 9,000 BC (and includes sites such as Jericho). This region, alongside Mesopotamia (which lies to the east of the Fertile Crescent, between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates), also saw the emergence of early complex societies during the succeeding Bronze Age. There is also early evidence from this region for writing, and the formation of state-level societies. This has earned the region the nickname "The Cradle of Civilization." Since the Bronze Age, the region's natural fertility has been greatly extended by irrigation works, upon which much of its agricultural production continues to depend. The last two millennia have seen repeated cycles of decline and recovery as past works have fallen into disrepair through the replacement of states, to be replaced under their successors. Another ongoing problem has been salination - the seepage of salt water into irrigated farmland. As crucial as rivers were to the rise of civilization in the Fertile Crescent, they were not the only factor in the area's precocity. The Fertile Crescent had a climate which encouraged the evolution of many annual plants, which produce more edible seeds than perennials, and the region's dramatic variety of elevation gave rise to many species of edible plants for early experiments in cultivation. Most importantly, the Fertile Crescent possessed the wild progenitors of the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture (i.e. wild progenitors to emmer, einkorn, barley, flax, chick pea, pea, lentil, bitter vetch), and four of the five most important species of domesticated animals - cows, goats, sheep, and pigs - and the fifth species, the horse, lived nearby.

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▪	Greco-Persian Wars


	Greco-Persian Wars

	The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. At the end of the 6th century BC, Darius the Great ruled over an immense realm, from Western China to Eastern Europe. In 513 BC Darius for the first time conquered Thrace and Macedonia. Macedonian king Alexander I became his vassal. But the conquest of Asia Minor (546 BC) left the Ionian Greeks under Persian rule, while the other Greeks were free, a state of affairs that was going to cause trouble sooner or later. Persian satraps (governors) of Asia Minor installed tyrants in most of Ionian cities and forced Greeks to pay taxes for the "King of Kings". In 499 BC, instigated by Aristagoras in Miletus, the Ionian Revolt broke out; Ionian cities threw out the "tyrants" that the Persians had set over them, formed a league, and applied for help from the other Greeks. Athens sent twenty ships and Eretria five, and the fleet helped spread rebellion all along the coast. In 498 BC the Greeks captured and burnt Sardis, thereby requiring a Persian response in the form of an invasion. The Greek fleet was crushed at the Battle of Lade in 494 BC, and the Ionian cities sacked, although they were permitted to have democratic governments afterwards. In 492 BC, an army commanded by Darius's son-in-law Mardonius overran Thrace and Macedonia, followed in 490 BC by the punitive expedition of Datis and Artaphernes. The islands of the Cyclades surrendered, Eretria was captured, and the expedition landed in Attica near Marathon. Phidippides got the message for help to Sparta in record time, but in the end the Athenians and Plataeans alone defeated the Persians in the battle of Marathon.

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▪	History of Babylonia


	History of Babylonia

	Babylonia was an ancient state in Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. Its capital was Babylon. The earliest mention of Babylon can be found in a tablet of the reign of Sargon of Akkad, dating back to the 23rd century BC. During the first centuries of the "Old Babylonian" period (that followed the Sumerian revival under Ur-III), kings and people in high position often had Amorite names, and supreme power rested at Isin. A constant intercourse was maintained between Babylonia and the West - with Babylonian officials and troops passing to Syria and Canaan, while "Amorite" colonists were established in Babylonia for the purposes of trade. One of these Amorites, Abi-ramu or Abram by name, is the father of a witness to a deed dated in the reign of Hammurabi's grandfather. The city of Babylon was given hegemony over Mesopotamia by their sixth ruler, Hammurabi (1780�1750 BC; dates highly uncertain). He was a very efficient ruler, giving the region stability after turbulent times, and transforming it into the central power of Mesopotamia.

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▪	Iran-Iraqi War