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|  Essay on Communitarianism, Rights, and Responsibilities |
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| Communitarianism, Rights, and Responsibilities Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Ethics. Communitarianism, as a coherent body of thought, is a movement that seeks to resolve social problems by strengthening individual commitment to the broader society. The movement began to coalesce in the early 1990s among predominantly U.S. social scientists. Its chief proponent is sociologist Amitai Etzioni (president of the American Sociological Association, 1994-95), who, along with political scientist William A. Galston, among others, formed the Communitarian Network in 1990. One of the major components of that network is the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies at George Washington University, which began publishing The Responsive Community in 1990... |
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| Free Essay on Ethics» |
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| Argumentative Essay on Bioethics: History and Roots |
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| Bioethics: History and Roots Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Ethics. Bioethics refers to an interdisciplinary approach used to address quandaries and moral dilemmas that arise from applied biology and medical science. It involves applying societal mores, philosophical principles, religious values, and human judgment to making decisions about human life and death, health and medical treatment, environmental issues, and the relationship of humans to other organisms on our planet. Principles of bioethics arose from secular and religious ethical principles. As medical science and biological technology developed and enabled humans to change their natural environment in dramatic ways, consideration of bioethics principles became more critical to guide applications... |
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| Free Essay on Ethics» |
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| Essay on Aristotelian Ethics |
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| Aristotelian Ethics Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Aristotle, like Plato, wants to show how his ethical conclusions imply further consequences about the proper aims of a political community, and about its appropriate form of government. He criticizes Plato for wanting the ideal state to be more unified than a state should be; Plato models the unity of the state on the unity of a single organism, and Aristotle thinks this is entirely the wrong model. He rejects Plato's abolition of private property, complaining that Plato removes the sort of discretion and freedom that is necessary for friendship and generosity: how can I benefit my friends, or be generous to the right causes, if I have no resources at my disposal? Plato makes an equally grave mistake... |
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| Free Essay on Ethics» |
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| Essay on Ancient Greek Ethics |
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| Ancient Greek Ethics Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. The Homeric world is an unstable and disorderly system, and Homeric society is also unstable and disorderly. A society is fairly stable in so far as it maintains some agreed rules and practices, and the members of that society observe them. But in Homer the prevailing moral outlook provokes competition, conflict, and aggression. Homer is not indifferent to law and justice. Odysseus contrasts justice with savagery; and the Cyclopes who lack justice lack the basic institutions of social and political life. For Hesiod justice and law are the distinctively human institutions that prevent us from preying on each other like beasts; they give human beings their best hope of preservation. In Homer and Hesiod... |
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| Free Essay on Ethics» |
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| Essay on Ethics of Homer |
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| Ethics of Homer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. The Homeric ethical outlook creates conflicts for those who accept it. Some of the conflicts arise for the individual himself. He has to adjust his conception of his aims and interests to the demands of those who can honor or dishonor him. This may not create a conflict if other people endorse his aims. But the different aims of different individuals may create a conflict between the aims of one individual and the actions approved by others. In such a conflict the individual cannot claim to be following his own values against the expectations of others; for his values attach most importance to the approval of others, and he violates his own values if he fails to be guided by their opinions. Achilles illustrates... |
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| Free Essay on Ethics» |
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| Essay on Moral Entrepreneurs |
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| Moral Entrepreneurs Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Morals & Morality. Moral entrepreneurs are individuals committed to the establishment and enforcement of rules against behavior they define as deviant. As such, they are especially visible and active agents of social control. Howard S. Becker, who coined the term moral entrepreneurs and introduced it in his classic 1963 book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, identified two kinds of moral entrepreneurs: rule creators, or those who work to bring about new prohibitions; and rule enforcers, or those who work to enforce prohibitions already in place. Rule creators generally express the conviction that some kind of threatening social evil exists that must be combated. This is most true of... |
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| Free Essay on Morals and Morality» |
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| Essay on Plato' Republic on Knowledge, Morals, and Politics |
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| Plato' Republic on Knowledge, Morals, and Politics Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. To fulfil the main task of describing justice in the individual person, Plato's Republic also describes justice in a state, and sketches an ideal state embodying justice. In doing this Plato answers some questions raised by Socrates. Though Socrates was suspected of disloyalty to the Athenian democracy, he says he prefers its laws to the less democratic laws of Sparta, Boeotia, and Megara. On the other hand, he attacks the democratic system for its conscious indifference to moral and political knowledge. He denounces democracy as a system that both flatters and moulds the impressionable and irrational impulses of the public, with no concern for people's real interests. Socrates does not... |
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| Free Essay on Morals and Morality» |
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| Essay on Socratic Morality and Religion (Euthyphro) |
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| Socratic Morality and Religion (Euthyphro) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Do Socrates' philosophical methods result in any conclusions of moral importance? Euthyphro is sure he is doing the correct and pious thing by prosecuting his father. But he has little success in explaining what is pious about the action, and finds no satisfactory account of piety. His most promising effort identifies the pious with what the gods love. Socrates agrees that this account covers all and only the right cases; but he rejects it as a definition. He requires Euthyphro to distinguish different claims... |
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| Free Essay on Morals and Morality» |
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| Essay on Confucian Moral Self Cultivation |
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| Confucian Moral Self Cultivation Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Before turning to the seven individual thinkers and their respective theories of self cultivation, let us begin by exploring the more general question of why the Chinese originated and maintained such an enduring concern with the issue of moral self cultivation. For while such a concern with self cultivation is by no means unique, the prominence that this theme has enjoyed throughout different Chinese traditions -- Daoist and Buddhist as well as Confucian -- is distinctive. For example, while certain western thinkers, notably Aristotle, were deeply interested in self cultivation, this was not as central a theme in the western ethical tradition taken as a whole. Western philosophers... |
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| Free Essay on Morals and Morality» |
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| Essay on Isidore Auguste Comte |
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| Isidore Auguste Comte Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavier Comte (1798-1857) was the leader of the positivist school in France. He was one of the founders of sociology. Comte developed a humanist religion that called for the replacement of God with a supreme being who was centered on the essence of humanity. Although he was overshadowed by figures such as Marx, Comte influenced diverse thinkers including George Eliot and John Stuart Mill. Comte was born in Montpellier, France, to a staunch Royalist and Roman Catholic family who rejected the republicanism of the French Revolution. He entered the Ecole Polytechnique at age 16, but he rejected the royalism of his family. After being expelled from the Polytechnique, Comte... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophers» |
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| Essay on Heracleitus of Ephesus |
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| Heracleitus of Ephesus Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Heracleitus was a Greek philosopher known for his cosmology, in which fire forms the basic material principle of an orderly universe. Little is known about his life, and the one book he apparently wrote is lost. His views survive in the short fragments quoted and attributed to him by later authors. Though primarily concerned with explanations of the world around him, Heracleitus also stressed the need for people to live together in social harmony. He complained that most people failed to comprehend the Logos, the universal principle through which all things are interrelated and all natural events occur, and thus lived like dreamers with a false view of the world. A significant manifestation of the logos... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophers» |
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| Essay on Zeno of Elea |
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| Zeno of Elea Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Zeno of Elea was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, whom Aristotle called the inventor of dialectic. He is especially known for his paradoxes, which contributed to the development of logical and mathematical rigor and were insoluble until the development of precise concepts of continuity and infinity. Zeno was the pupil and friend of Parmenides. In Plato's Parmenides, Socrates, "then very young," converses with Parmenides and Zeno, "a man of about forty"; but it may be doubted whether such a meeting was chronologically possible. Plato's account of Zeno's purpose, however, is presumably accurate. In order to recommend the Parmenidean doctrine of the existence of "the one," Zeno sought to controvert the commonsense... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophers» |
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| Essay on The Significance of Aristotle |
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| The Significance of Aristotle Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Aristotle's acknowledged influence on his immediate successors, the Stoics and the Epicureans, is less than might be expected; doubts have even been expressed about whether they knew most of Aristotle's works. Though the doubts are probably mistaken, the fact that they could be raised suggests that Aristotle did not become a philosophical authority for philosophers of the next few generations. In fact both Stoics and Epicureans rejected Aristotelian metaphysics for more thoroughly materialist doctrines; and the later Platonists reasserted his defence of form in. thoroughly immaterialist, other-worldly terms, influenced by their reading of Aristotle in the light of their interpretation of Plato... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophers» |
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| Essay on The Significance of Plato |
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| The Significance of Plato Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Plato's philosophy consists of a series of sharply presented questions, and of bold, speculative, and incomplete answers to them. He admits the limitations of his knowledge, and before he has worked out his answers in any detail, he moves on to new questions. The Platonic dialogues do not constitute or contain a philosophical system, and in that way they differ from the works of such philosophers as Aristotle, the Stoics, Kant, and Hegel. It is not surprising that Plato has influenced thinkers and movements with different, even opposed, outlooks. This was already true in later Greek philosophy, when both sceptics and dogmatists traced their origins to Plato. Plato's philosophical school, the Academy... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophers» |
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| Essay on Philosophy of Socrates and Plato |
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| Philosophy of Socrates and Plato Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. For many people, the phrase "ancient Greek philosophy" immediately brings to mind the figure of Socrates, bearded, snubbed-nosed, pot-bellied, asking annoying questions of everyone he met. Educated people tend to be aware that Socrates was executed in 399 BC after a trial by an Athenian jury, and if they have read Plato's Apology of Socrates, they know that the charges on which he was convicted were "corrupting the young" and "not respecting the Gods, but introducing new and different divinities." The life and death of Socrates, as presented by Plato are dramatic and inspiring; the dialogues continue to be fresh and challenging both as literature and as philosophy. It is also worth... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophical Traditions» |
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| Essay on The Birth of Greek Philosophy |
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| The Birth of Greek Philosophy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. "Philosophy" is a word invented by the ancient Greeks, most likely by Pythagoras in the late sixth century BCE. Before the time of Pythagoras, there was a lively tradition, shared with other literate cultures around the Mediterranean, of collections of "wisdom" literature ("Sophia"). In Greece, lists were made of outstanding contributors to such collections, that is, of "wise" people, or sophoi. The story goes that when Leon of Phlius asked Pythagoras what he was, he replied, "a philosophos," a lover of or seeker for wisdom. To the extent that an ancient Greek invented the word "philosophy" is an ancient Greek invention, and we can trace the history of those who called themselves... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophical Traditions» |
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| Essay on The Ancient Conceptions of Nature |
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| The Ancient Conceptions of Nature Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Greek philosopher Anaximander (c. 610-c.540) assumed an original stuff that is 'unbounded' (or 'undefined', apeiron), because it is qualitatively indeterminate. It does not itself have the characteristics of ordinary things (rocks, rivers, and so on) or even of their constituents (earth, water, and so on), but it has the basis of all these in it. To give a rough and partial illustration, we might say that the coal in the earth is neither gas nor coke nor soap nor tar, but it is the basis of them all. Anaximander 'Unbounded' stands in this relation to familiar observable things and stuffs. The ceaseless movement of the Unbounded produces a 'generative source', which is separated from the... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophical Traditions» |
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| Essay on Naturalist Movement in Philosophy |
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| Naturalist Movement in Philosophy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Between the age of Homer (mid- eighth century) and the age of Socrates (late fifth century), the Greeks began systematic rational study of the natural order and the moral order. Aristotle distinguishes those who talk about gods and offer poetic or mythological accounts from those who offer rational accounts that can be seriously studied: The school of Hesiod and all the theologians considered only what was persuasive to themselves, and thought little of us . . . But it is not worth seriously examining the sophistries of mythology, whereas we must interrogate those who present a rational demonstration. He calls the second group 'students of nature' or 'naturalists' (phusiologoi), as opposed... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophical Traditions» |
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| Essay on The Importance of Homer |
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| The Importance of Homer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. One of the earliest Greek philosophers, Xenophanes, explains that he criticizes Homer because 'from the beginning everyone has learnt according to Homer'. He is right to suggest that Homer (? c. 750 BC) acquired a unique authority. For the Greeks had no Scripture corresponding to the Bible or the Koran; but they had the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two long poems ascribed to Homer. These were not an authoritative text, protected from criticism or expounded by authorized interpreters; and they did not constitute the formal doctrinal standard of any religious system. Still, they were similar to the Bible in so far as many Greeks with some education learnt the Homeric poems; over a millennium after... |
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| Free Essay on Philosophical Traditions» |
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