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Custom Essays, Research Papers, Term Papers For Sale. Custom Writing Services on Philosophy
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|  Essay on Ancient Greek Ethics |
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| Ancient Greek Ethics Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. The Homeric world is an unstable and disorderly system, and Homeric society is also unstable and disorderly. A society is fairly stable in so far as it maintains some agreed rules and practices, and the members of that society observe them. But in Homer the prevailing moral outlook provokes competition, conflict, and aggression. Homer is not indifferent to law and justice. Odysseus contrasts justice with savagery; and the Cyclopes who lack justice lack the basic institutions of social and political life. For Hesiod justice and law are the distinctively human institutions that prevent us from preying on each other like beasts; they give human beings their best hope of preservation. In Homer and Hesiod... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greek Ethics» |
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| Essay on The Birth of Greek Philosophy |
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| The Birth of Greek Philosophy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. "Philosophy" is a word invented by the ancient Greeks, most likely by Pythagoras in the late sixth century BCE. Before the time of Pythagoras, there was a lively tradition, shared with other literate cultures around the Mediterranean, of collections of "wisdom" literature ("Sophia"). In Greece, lists were made of outstanding contributors to such collections, that is, of "wise" people, or sophoi. The story goes that when Leon of Phlius asked Pythagoras what he was, he replied, "a philosophos," a lover of or seeker for wisdom. To the extent that an ancient Greek invented the word "philosophy" is an ancient Greek invention, and we can trace the history of those who called themselves... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greek Philosophy» |
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| Essay on Aristotle |
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| Aristotle Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Aristotle (384 BC - March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology. The three most influential ancient Greek philosophers were Aristotle, Plato (a teacher of Aristotle) and Socrates (ca. 470 BC-399 BC), whose thinking deeply influenced Plato. Among them they transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. Socrates did not leave any writings, possibly as a result of the reasons articulated against writing philosophy attributed to him in Plato's dialogue Phaedrus... |
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| Free Essay on Aristotle» |
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| Essay on Bertrand Russell's Philosophy |
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| Bertrand Russell's Philosophy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. The work of Bertrand Russell in contemporary philosophy has covered a wide variety of topics, and has attempted to answer many of the problems traditionally associated with philosophy. He has made important contributions to several fields, both in specific results and in new and suggestive hypotheses. The influence of his philosophy is apparent upon any examination of contemporary philosophy, especially in logic, epistemology, logical analysis, and the philosophy of science. However, the very fact that his philosophical interests have covered a wide range makes it difficult to obtain a brief systematic account which will do justice to them. Several recurrent strains of considerable importance... |
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| Free Essay on Bertrand Russell» |
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| Essay on The Ancient Conceptions of Nature |
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| The Ancient Conceptions of Nature Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Greek philosopher Anaximander (c. 610-c.540) assumed an original stuff that is 'unbounded' (or 'undefined', apeiron), because it is qualitatively indeterminate. It does not itself have the characteristics of ordinary things (rocks, rivers, and so on) or even of their constituents (earth, water, and so on), but it has the basis of all these in it. To give a rough and partial illustration, we might say that the coal in the earth is neither gas nor coke nor soap nor tar, but it is the basis of them all. Anaximander 'Unbounded' stands in this relation to familiar observable things and stuffs. The ceaseless movement of the Unbounded produces a 'generative source', which is separated from the... |
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| Free Essay on Conceptions of Nature» |
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| Essay on Confucian Moral Self Cultivation |
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| Confucian Moral Self Cultivation Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Before turning to the seven individual thinkers and their respective theories of self cultivation, let us begin by exploring the more general question of why the Chinese originated and maintained such an enduring concern with the issue of moral self cultivation. For while such a concern with self cultivation is by no means unique, the prominence that this theme has enjoyed throughout different Chinese traditions -- Daoist and Buddhist as well as Confucian -- is distinctive. For example, while certain western thinkers, notably Aristotle, were deeply interested in self cultivation, this was not as central a theme in the western ethical tradition taken as a whole. Western philosophers... |
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| Free Essay on Confucianism» |
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| Essay on Empiricism |
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| Empiricism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Empiricism is the philosophical doctrine that all human knowledge comes at first from senses and experience. Empiricism denies that humans have innate ideas or that anything is knowable prior to any experience. Empiricism is contrasted with continental rationalism, epitomized by Rene Descartes. According to the rationalist, philosophy should be performed via introspection and a priori deductive reasoning. Names associated with empiricism include St. Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, Francis Bacon, John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. It is generally regarded as being at the heart of the modern scientific method, that our theories should be based on our observations of the world rather than... |
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| Free Essay on Empiricism» |
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| Essay on Aristotelian Ethics |
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| Aristotelian Ethics Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Aristotle, like Plato, wants to show how his ethical conclusions imply further consequences about the proper aims of a political community, and about its appropriate form of government. He criticizes Plato for wanting the ideal state to be more unified than a state should be; Plato models the unity of the state on the unity of a single organism, and Aristotle thinks this is entirely the wrong model. He rejects Plato's abolition of private property, complaining that Plato removes the sort of discretion and freedom that is necessary for friendship and generosity: how can I benefit my friends, or be generous to the right causes, if I have no resources at my disposal? Plato makes an equally grave mistake... |
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| Free Essay on Ethics of Aristotle» |
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| Essay on Francis Bacon |
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| Francis Bacon Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, KC (22 January 1561 - 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, spy, freemason and essayist. He was knighted in 1603, created Baron Verulam in 1618, and created Viscount St Albans in 1621; both peerage titles becoming extinct upon his death. He began his professional life as a lawyer, but he has become best known as a philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolution. His works establish and popularize an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method. Induction implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation, observation, and testing of hypotheses. In the context of his time, such methods... |
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| Free Essay on Francis Bacon» |
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| Essay on Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche |
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| Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Despite the fact that he was a late-nineteenth-century thinker, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) provided arguments that challenge and undermine many of the assumptions that we still hold dear today. It is difficult for us to imagine a world without common sense, the distinction between truth and falsehood, the belief in some form of morality or an agreement that we are all human. But Nietzsche did imagine such a world and he also argued that we should write and think in such a way that we would realize this world. Nietzsche was not just another philosopher or thinker: he challenged the very concepts of knowledge and thought. More importantly, he insisted that through transforming how we write... |
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| Free Essay on Friedrich Nietzsche» |
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| Essay on Heracleitus of Ephesus |
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| Heracleitus of Ephesus Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Heracleitus was a Greek philosopher known for his cosmology, in which fire forms the basic material principle of an orderly universe. Little is known about his life, and the one book he apparently wrote is lost. His views survive in the short fragments quoted and attributed to him by later authors. Though primarily concerned with explanations of the world around him, Heracleitus also stressed the need for people to live together in social harmony. He complained that most people failed to comprehend the Logos, the universal principle through which all things are interrelated and all natural events occur, and thus lived like dreamers with a false view of the world. A significant manifestation of the logos... |
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| Free Essay on Heracleitus» |
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| Essay on The Importance of Homer |
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| The Importance of Homer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. One of the earliest Greek philosophers, Xenophanes, explains that he criticizes Homer because 'from the beginning everyone has learnt according to Homer'. He is right to suggest that Homer (? c. 750 BC) acquired a unique authority. For the Greeks had no Scripture corresponding to the Bible or the Koran; but they had the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two long poems ascribed to Homer. These were not an authoritative text, protected from criticism or expounded by authorized interpreters; and they did not constitute the formal doctrinal standard of any religious system. Still, they were similar to the Bible in so far as many Greeks with some education learnt the Homeric poems; over a millennium after... |
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| Free Essay on Homer» |
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| Essay on Ethics of Homer |
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| Ethics of Homer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. The Homeric ethical outlook creates conflicts for those who accept it. Some of the conflicts arise for the individual himself. He has to adjust his conception of his aims and interests to the demands of those who can honor or dishonor him. This may not create a conflict if other people endorse his aims. But the different aims of different individuals may create a conflict between the aims of one individual and the actions approved by others. In such a conflict the individual cannot claim to be following his own values against the expectations of others; for his values attach most importance to the approval of others, and he violates his own values if he fails to be guided by their opinions. Achilles illustrates... |
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| Free Essay on Homeric Ethics» |
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| Essay on Isidore Auguste Comte |
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| Isidore Auguste Comte Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavier Comte (1798-1857) was the leader of the positivist school in France. He was one of the founders of sociology. Comte developed a humanist religion that called for the replacement of God with a supreme being who was centered on the essence of humanity. Although he was overshadowed by figures such as Marx, Comte influenced diverse thinkers including George Eliot and John Stuart Mill. Comte was born in Montpellier, France, to a staunch Royalist and Roman Catholic family who rejected the republicanism of the French Revolution. He entered the Ecole Polytechnique at age 16, but he rejected the royalism of his family. After being expelled from the Polytechnique, Comte... |
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| Free Essay on Isidore Auguste Comte» |
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| Essay on Jean Jacques Rousseau |
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| Jean Jacques Rousseau Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Together with Montesquieu, Hume, Smith, and Kant among his contemporaries, Rousseau has exerted the most profound influence on modern European intellectual history, perhaps even surpassing anyone else of his day. No other eighteenth-century thinker contributed more major writings in so wide a range of subjects and forms, nor wrote with such sustained passion and eloquence. No one else managed through both his works and his life to excite or disturb public imagination so deeply. Almost alone among the seminal figures of the Enlightenment, he subjected the main currents of the world he inhabited to the most inspired censure, even while channeling their direction, and when French Revolutionary leaders... |
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| Free Essay on Jean Jacques Rousseau» |
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| Essay on Plato' Republic on Knowledge, Morals, and Politics |
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| Plato' Republic on Knowledge, Morals, and Politics Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. To fulfil the main task of describing justice in the individual person, Plato's Republic also describes justice in a state, and sketches an ideal state embodying justice. In doing this Plato answers some questions raised by Socrates. Though Socrates was suspected of disloyalty to the Athenian democracy, he says he prefers its laws to the less democratic laws of Sparta, Boeotia, and Megara. On the other hand, he attacks the democratic system for its conscious indifference to moral and political knowledge. He denounces democracy as a system that both flatters and moulds the impressionable and irrational impulses of the public, with no concern for people's real interests. Socrates does not... |
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| Free Essay on Knowledge, Morals, and Politics» |
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| Essay on Socratic Morality and Religion (Euthyphro) |
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| Socratic Morality and Religion (Euthyphro) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Do Socrates' philosophical methods result in any conclusions of moral importance? Euthyphro is sure he is doing the correct and pious thing by prosecuting his father. But he has little success in explaining what is pious about the action, and finds no satisfactory account of piety. His most promising effort identifies the pious with what the gods love. Socrates agrees that this account covers all and only the right cases; but he rejects it as a definition. He requires Euthyphro to distinguish different claims... |
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| Free Essay on Morality and Religion of Socrates» |
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| Essay on Naturalist Movement in Philosophy |
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| Naturalist Movement in Philosophy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Between the age of Homer (mid- eighth century) and the age of Socrates (late fifth century), the Greeks began systematic rational study of the natural order and the moral order. Aristotle distinguishes those who talk about gods and offer poetic or mythological accounts from those who offer rational accounts that can be seriously studied: The school of Hesiod and all the theologians considered only what was persuasive to themselves, and thought little of us . . . But it is not worth seriously examining the sophistries of mythology, whereas we must interrogate those who present a rational demonstration. He calls the second group 'students of nature' or 'naturalists' (phusiologoi), as opposed... |
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| Free Essay on Naturalist Movement» |
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| Essay on Plato's Contribution to Philosophy |
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| Plato's Contribution to Philosophy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Plato (ca. May 21? 427 BC - ca. 347 BC) was an immensely influential classical Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, writer, and founder of the Academy in Athens. In countries speaking Arabic, Turkish, Persian, or Urdu, he is called Eflatun, which means a spring of water, and, metaphorically, of knowledge. Plato lectured extensively at the Academy but he also wrote on many philosophical issues. The most important writings of Plato are his dialogues; although a handful of epigrams also survive, and some letters have come down to us under his name. We have very good reasons to believe that all the known dialogues of Plato survive; some of the dialogues which the Greeks... |
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| Free Essay on Plato» |
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| Essay on Socrates |
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| Socrates Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. The character of Socrates provides an illustration of a historical conundrum. If Socrates ever wrote a single word, it has not survived. As such, the entirety of modern knowledge concerning Socrates must be drawn from a limited number of secondary sources, such as the works of Plato, Aristophanes and Xenophon. Aristophanes was known as a satirist, and so his accounts of Socrates may well be skewed, exaggerated, or totally falsified. Fragmentary evidence also exists from Socrates' contemporaries. Giannantoni, in his monumental work Socratis et Socraticorum Reliquiae collects every scrap of evidence pertaining to Socrates. It includes writers such as Aeschines Socraticus (not the orator), Antisthenes, and a number of others... |
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| Free Essay on Socrates» |
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| Essay on Philosophy of Socrates and Plato |
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| Philosophy of Socrates and Plato Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. For many people, the phrase "ancient Greek philosophy" immediately brings to mind the figure of Socrates, bearded, snubbed-nosed, pot-bellied, asking annoying questions of everyone he met. Educated people tend to be aware that Socrates was executed in 399 BC after a trial by an Athenian jury, and if they have read Plato's Apology of Socrates, they know that the charges on which he was convicted were "corrupting the young" and "not respecting the Gods, but introducing new and different divinities." The life and death of Socrates, as presented by Plato are dramatic and inspiring; the dialogues continue to be fresh and challenging both as literature and as philosophy. It is also worth... |
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| Free Essay on Socrates and Plato» |
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| Essay on The Significance of Aristotle |
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| The Significance of Aristotle Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Aristotle's acknowledged influence on his immediate successors, the Stoics and the Epicureans, is less than might be expected; doubts have even been expressed about whether they knew most of Aristotle's works. Though the doubts are probably mistaken, the fact that they could be raised suggests that Aristotle did not become a philosophical authority for philosophers of the next few generations. In fact both Stoics and Epicureans rejected Aristotelian metaphysics for more thoroughly materialist doctrines; and the later Platonists reasserted his defence of form in. thoroughly immaterialist, other-worldly terms, influenced by their reading of Aristotle in the light of their interpretation of Plato... |
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| Free Essay on The Importance of Aristotle» |
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| Essay on The Significance of Plato |
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| The Significance of Plato Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Plato's philosophy consists of a series of sharply presented questions, and of bold, speculative, and incomplete answers to them. He admits the limitations of his knowledge, and before he has worked out his answers in any detail, he moves on to new questions. The Platonic dialogues do not constitute or contain a philosophical system, and in that way they differ from the works of such philosophers as Aristotle, the Stoics, Kant, and Hegel. It is not surprising that Plato has influenced thinkers and movements with different, even opposed, outlooks. This was already true in later Greek philosophy, when both sceptics and dogmatists traced their origins to Plato. Plato's philosophical school, the Academy... |
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| Free Essay on The Importance of Plato» |
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| Essay on The Socrates' Trial |
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| The Socrates' Trial Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Socrates cross-examined other people on moral and political issues. Though he claimed to know nothing about these issues himself, his questions reduced his interlocutors to such confusion and puzzlement that their firmest and most cherished beliefs seemed to waver under Socrates' patient, polite, but insistent and irritating scrutiny. In the Laches the Athenian general Nicias warns his friends that a discussion with Socrates will involve an examination of their whole life: You seem not to know that if you meet Socrates in discussion, you are bound to find that even if you begin by discussing something else, before you are done you will be led around in argument by Socrates, until you are trapped... |
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| Free Essay on Trial of Socrates» |
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| Essay on Zeno of Elea |
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| Zeno of Elea Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Philosophy. Zeno of Elea was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, whom Aristotle called the inventor of dialectic. He is especially known for his paradoxes, which contributed to the development of logical and mathematical rigor and were insoluble until the development of precise concepts of continuity and infinity. Zeno was the pupil and friend of Parmenides. In Plato's Parmenides, Socrates, "then very young," converses with Parmenides and Zeno, "a man of about forty"; but it may be doubted whether such a meeting was chronologically possible. Plato's account of Zeno's purpose, however, is presumably accurate. In order to recommend the Parmenidean doctrine of the existence of "the one," Zeno sought to controvert the commonsense... |
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| Free Essay on Zeno» |
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