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Free Politics Essays & Research Papers Topics
Custom Essays, Research Papers, Term Papers For Sale. Custom Writing Services on Politics Essays & Research Papers
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|  Essay on The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) |
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| The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. On the eve of World War II, the Western democracies took considerable comfort in what they were confident was the implacable opposition of Soviet communism to German Nazism. Joseph Stalin was the polar opposite of Adolf Hitler, and as long as Hitler had reason to fear the Soviets in the east, he would never venture to begin a war with the west. This optimistic view of European politics relied too heavily on Stalin's idealism, which, it turned out, was a nonexistent commodity. While Nazism was indeed the ideological antithesis of communism, Stalin, the pragmatist, decided that a guarantee of nonaggression with his rival would put the Soviet Union in a powerful position with respect... |
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| Free Essay on Alliances, Pacts, and Treaties» |
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| Essay on The Geneva Conventions |
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| The Geneva Conventions Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Geneva Conventions of 1929 were, at the time of World War II, the latest chapter in a long history of attempts to regulate wartime behavior by codifying the rules of appropriate and humane military conduct. Historians believe that the earliest recorded attempt along these lines is found in the writings of the sixth-century BC Chinese general, strategist, and military theorist Sun Tzu. As early as 200 BC, in ancient India, the Hindu Law Code of Manu introduced the concept of war crimes. In 1625, the Dutch jurist and theologian Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) wrote On the Law of War and Peace, which concerns the treatment of civilians in time of war. During World War II, references to the "Geneva Convention"... |
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| Free Essay on Alliances, Pacts, and Treaties» |
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| Essay on The Casablanca Conference (1943) |
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| The Casablanca Conference (1943) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Casablanca Conference was held from January 12 to January 23, 1943, at Casablanca, Morocco, between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill, together with their top military aides, advisers, and chiefs. The objective of the conference was to plan the ongoing and future military strategy of the Western Allies. Although Joseph Stalin was invited, he did not attend. The principal topics for discussion included agreeing definitively on the next step to come after the conquest of North Africa. The leaders concluded that Sicily would be the Allies' next objective. Also under discussion was the deployment of forces in the Pacific theater and, in the Far East, how scarce... |
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| Free Essay on Alliances, Pacts, and Treaties» |
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| Essay on The Munich Pact of 1938 |
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| The Munich Pact of 1938 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Soon after the 1938 Anschluss (in which Germany annexed Austria without any European opposition), Adolf Hitler turned his attention to the Sudetenland, the northwest area of Czechoslovakia, which, although it contained a large German-speaking population, was awarded to Czechoslovakia in the peace treaty of 1919. Germany announced its intention to annex the Sudetenland, prompting a military buildup on both sides of the Czech-German border. A German invasion seemed imminent, and the Czechs looked to their powerful allies, Britain and France, for support. The British government under Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, anxious to avoid a military conflict, attempted to pressure the Czechs to make concessions... |
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| Free Essay on Alliances, Pacts, and Treaties» |
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| Essay on The Taba Summit (2001) |
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| The Taba Summit (2001) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Taba Summit was the last effort by the administration of William J. Clinton to achieve a major diplomatic breakthrough in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Following the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, Clinton brought Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat together at Taba, Egypt. After the Camp David Summit, the Palestinians launched a new intifada, or series of attacks, on Israel following a provocative visit to the Temple Mount by Ariel Sharon, the leader of the Likud Party and a candidate in the upcoming Israeli elections. U.S. negotiators met with Israeli and Palestinian representatives in Washington, D.C., in December in an effort to make sure that an agreement... |
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| Free Essay on Alliances, Pacts, and Treaties» |
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| Essay on The Advance of Liberalism in Britain |
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| The Advance of Liberalism in Britain Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Historians usually cite Britain as the homeland of 19th-century liberalism and contrast it to the Metternichian reaction in central Europe. Truth exists in this contrast, but it should not obscure the strength of conservatism in post-1815 Britain. The landed aristocracy still dominated politics and society. They composed less than 0.002 percent of the population but received more than 29 percent of the national income. Dukes, earls, and viscounts filled the cabinet. The House of Commons was elected by less than 3 percent of the population. If liberal reforms succeeded in that house, the House of Lords still held an aristocratic veto. The patronage system allowed this elite to perpetuate... |
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| Free Essay on Concepts and Theories» |
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| Essay on The Rise of Parliamentary Government in England |
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| The Rise of Parliamentary Government in England Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The strength of parliamentary government in England was the result of 17th-century revolutions that limited the royal power of the Stuart kings. When it became clear that the royal line was dying out, Parliament asserted its supremacy and selected a German princess from the House of Hanover (a relative of the Stuarts) as the heir to the throne. Thus, in 1714 the throne of England passed to a German, the elector of Hanover. He took the title of King George I, beginning the House of Hanover. His heirs took the names George II and George III, so eighteenth-century England is known as Georgian England as well as Hanoverian England. George I's adviser Sir Robert Walpole became... |
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| Free Essay on Concepts and Theories» |
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| Essay on The Structures of Government: Monarchy |
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| The Structures of Government: Monarchy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The basic political characteristic of the Old Regime was--as it had been for more than one thousand years--monarchical government. In the strictest sense, monarchy meant the rule of a single person who held sovereignty (supreme power) over a state. The power of monarchs was frequently challenged by the nobility, disputed by provinces, or attacked in open rebellions. But the concept of monarchy was almost universally accepted at the beginning of the 18th century. Even the skeptical intellectuals of that era still supported it, and only a few small states, such as the city-state of Genoa in northern Italy, sustained governments without monarchs, usually called republics. The forms of monarchy varied... |
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| Free Essay on Concepts and Theories» |
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| Essay on Bureaucracy |
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| Bureaucracy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Although the concept of bureaucracy has several meanings, it is technically "rule by bureau" or government by official agency. In the 20th century, it often has negative connotations of inefficiency, complexity, unresponsiveness, undemocratic and elitist governmental, or private organizations. So to call someone or some state "bureaucratic" usually is a criticism of "red tape," complex regulations, uncooperative officials, and general ineffectiveness. Bureaucracy is a fairly recent development in Western governments, though Eastern regimes such as the Ottoman Empire and China had a highly bureaucratic state for centuries. Generally, the larger and more complex a country or agency, the more bureaucratic it becomes... |
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| Free Essay on Concepts and Theories» |
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| Essay on The Commercial Whaling |
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| The Commercial Whaling Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Since the 1980s, the United States has supported a ban on commercial whaling and sought to protect whale populations throughout the world's oceans. The United States was a signatory to the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and has been a member of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) since its inception in 1948. Overhunting significantly depleted whale populations throughout the 20th century, and in 1982 the IWC agreed to impose a moratorium on commercial whaling, which took effect in 1986. (Limited aboriginal subsistence whaling continued to be permitted by indigenous populations in America, Greenland, Russia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines.) The restrictions... |
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| Free Essay on Concepts and Theories» |
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| Essay on Christian Right |
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| Christian Right Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Christian Right is a political group and movement in the United States of America beginning in the 1970s. Associated with Rev. Jerry Falwell, Marion "Pat" Robertson, the Moral Majority, the Christian Coalition, and the presidency of Ronald Reagan, the "Christian Right" is really a loose coalition of conservative Protestants in the United States. Rejecting the moral laxity of the liberal churches and fiscal liberalism of the Democratic Party, the Christian Right claimed to be "pro-family, pro-defense and pro-morality." They work for legislation against welfare programs, abortion, pornography, and homosexual rights. Fervently anti-communist, they support a strong military defense. In the Middle Eastern... |
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| Free Essay on Domestic and Public Policy» |
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| Essay on Bus Boycotts (Civil Rights Movement) |
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| Bus Boycotts (Civil Rights Movement) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Boycotting buses was one of the most effective protest methods used during the early days of the Civil Rights Movement, though the tactic was employed earlier against streetcars. The bus boycotts and the subsequent social and economic ramifications demonstrated the power of nonviolent and direct-action protest tactics. Targeting public transportation was crucial, because these business were owned by whites but utilized primarily by blacks; thus, blacks wielded significant economic power: "Let us touch to the quick of the white man's pocket. Tis there his conscience often lies." The major bus boycotts were organized in three capital cities in the South, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Tallahassee... |
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| Free Essay on Domestic and Public Policy» |
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| Essay on The Bill of Rights (10 Amendments) and Religion Policy |
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| The Bill of Rights and Religion Policy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution are collectively known as the Bill of Rights. Largely the product of James Madison, the 10 amendments officially became part of the Constitution in 1791, after being approved by Congress in its initial session in 1789. Initially, 12 amendments were adopted by Congress and sent to the states for ratification or rejection; the first two amendments were not approved, thus leaving the 10 amendments as we know them today. Madison's speech in the U.S. House of Representatives on June 8, 1789, in which he argued persuasively for the insertion of a document to the Constitution that would protect "the great rights of mankind," still stands today... |
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| Free Essay on Domestic and Public Policy» |
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| Essay on Sunday Closing Laws (Blue Laws) |
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| Sunday Closing Laws Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Blue laws, or Sunday closing laws, are state and local laws that compel nonessential businesses to close on Sundays. Called blue laws because of the color of paper on which they were initially printed, these decrees date back to America's Colonial era. The laws originated as governments' express efforts to sanctify the Sabbath through legislation. State and local courts routinely upheld these laws throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The First Amendment's Establishment Clause was first incorporated, or applied to states and localities, in Everson v. Board of Education (1947). After Everson, the Supreme Court began to delineate the relationship between state laws and the Establishment Clause, particularly... |
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| Free Essay on Domestic and Public Policy» |
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| Essay on Religious Censorship in the U.S. |
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| Religious Censorship in the U.S. Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press." Yet in spite of this seemingly absolute statement in favor of free expression in the United States, debates over censorship have plagued the nation from its founding up to the present. Just as important as the language of the First Amendment's protection for freedom of speech and press is its interpretation by the courts. For example, though the First Amendment states only that the Congress shall not interfere with freedom of speech or press, the Supreme Court has extended the amendment's reach to protect freedom of expression from all levels of American government... |
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| Free Essay on Domestic and Public Policy» |
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| Essay on The Nazi Party (NSDAP) |
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| The Nazi Party (NSDAP) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. "Nazi" was the familiar name for the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), the National Socialist German Workers' Party, which was born of a post-World War I political movement called National Socialism. Contrary to popular belief, the Nazi Party was not founded by Adolf Hitler, but by an obscure Munich locksmith named Anton Drexler, as the German Workers' Party, in 1919. Hitler, at the time a political agent for the German army, joined Drexler's party in September 1919 and began a rapid rise within it. In 1920, he took charge of the party's propaganda operations and resigned from the army to devote himself full-time to the party. Hitler proved to be a popular orator of extraordinary power... |
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| Free Essay on Foreign Policy» |
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| Essay on Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler |
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| Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Perhaps the most infamous book of the 20th century, Mein Kampf (My Struggle) was a combination autobiography and political manifesto by Adolf Hitler. In it, he expressed the core concepts of Nazi ideology. Hitler began composing the book, dictating it to his henchman Rudolf Hess, while both were serving terms at Landsberg Prison following the collapse of the Munich "Beer Hall" Putsch ofNovember 1923--Hitler's premature and abortive coup d'etat against the government of the Weimar Republic. The first volume of Mein Kampf was published in the summer of 1925. A second volume was published in December 1926 and then was added to the first volume in 1930, which became the standard edition... |
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| Free Essay on Foreign Policy» |
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| Essay on The Iran Contra Affair |
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| The Iran Contra Affair Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. By the mid-1980s, the Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) had ground to a stalemate, leaving both sides with heavy casualties and economic disaster. At that point officials in the Israeli government informed the Reagan administration that they had been approached about the possible sale of arms to Iran. In exchange for the sale, the Iranians would use their influence with the Shiite Islamic terrorist group, Hezbollah, to free seven American hostages being held in Lebanon. Someone in the administration then came up with the suggestion that the money earned by the weapons sale could be secretly used to help fund the contras, the insurgent guerrillas trying to overthrow the leftist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. While selling arms... |
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| Free Essay on Foreign Policy» |
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| Essay on American Aid to Poor Nations |
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| American Aid to Poor Nations Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent federal agency under the direction of the secretary of state and operating with less than half of 1 percent of the federal budget, provides assistance to various countries, identified as poor and developing, located in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe and Eurasia that are undergoing both natural and human-made disasters. USAID's purpose in assisting these regions is to further "America's foreign policy interests in expanding democracy and free markets," and "improve the lives of the citizens of the developing world." Unfortunately, the State Department has used USAID disaster... |
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| Free Essay on Foreign Policy» |
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| Essay on The Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) |
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| The Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. In 1996, military exercises by the People's Republic of China (PRC) led President William J. Clinton to deploy American military forces as a reaffirmation of U.S. support for Taiwan. Tensions in the Taiwan Strait began to escalate in 1994 when a Chinese submarine shadowed an American aircraft carrier battle group over a three-day period. Then in June 1995, the Taiwanese president made an unofficial visit to the United States, which was seen as a provocation by Beijing. The PRC responded by conducting a series of missile tests in July, some 37 miles (60 kilometers) from Taiwanese territory. The PRC also deployed troops, ships, and aircraft into the region and held more missile tests in August... |
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| Free Essay on Foreign Policy» |
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| Essay on Operation Just Cause (The U.S. invasion of Panama, 1989-1990) |
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| Operation Just Cause (The U.S. invasion of Panama, 1989-1990) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Operation Just Cause was a code name for the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989 and the subsequent overthrow of dictator Manuel Noriega in 1990. Noriega had worked with U.S. intelligence agencies in the 1970s and 1980s, but tensions between Panama and the administration of George H. W. Bush became acute by 1988. Noriega was involved in drug trafficking and money laundering for Colombian drug cartels, and he was indicted on 5 February 1989. In addition, Noriega's security forces were waging a campaign of harassment and intimidation against the 35,000 Americans living in Panama. During the 1989 elections, Noriega initiated a broad campaign to intimidate the opposition... |
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| Free Essay on Military Interventions» |
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| Essay on Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan, 2002-2003) |
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| Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan, 2002-2003) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Operation Enduring Freedom is the code name for the military response to the September 11 terrorist attacks. The core of the operation was the military campaign against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, but it also included a wide range of counterterrorism initiatives and special operations missions. With the notable exception of the capture of Osama bin Laden, the military operation achieved its main objectives, including the overthrow of the Taliban regime and the destruction of Al Qaeda's major training facilities in Afghanistan. Operation Enduring Freedom officially began on 7 October 2001, with the launch of air strikes and cruise missile attacks on the Taliban regime... |
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| Free Essay on Military Interventions» |
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| Essay on The 2003 Invasion of Iraq |
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| The 2003 Invasion of Iraq Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. A military victory for the United States that quickly overthrew the regime of Saddam Hussein led to an insurgency that killed more Americans than the initial combat and eroded public support for the ongoing U.S. occupation of Iraq. In his 29 January 2002 State of the Union address, President George W. Bush identified Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as part of an axis of evil that sought to destabilize the global order. He also promulgated a preemption doctrine (later known as the Bush Doctrine) and warned that states might face military strikes as a means to forestall forthcoming attacks on the United States. Bush concurrently authorized increased covert operations to destabilize the Saddam regime in accordance with... |
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| Free Essay on Military Interventions» |
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| Essay on The Military Intervention in Haiti |
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| The Military Intervention in Haiti Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Since the 1990s, the United States has undertaken repeated diplomatic and military interventions to stabilize Haiti's government. In December 1990, democratic elections were conducted by a transitional government. Jean-Bertrand Aristide won the balloting, but was overthrown by a military coup in September 1991. He went into exile in the United States. The coup and subsequent repression by the new regime prompted a wave of Haitian immigrants to travel to Florida on boats, homemade rafts, or anything else that floated. The administration of William J. Clinton created a camp at the naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to house the refugees and repatriate them. The administration argued that the... |
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| Free Essay on Military Interventions» |
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| Essay on The United Nations Operation in Cyprus |
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| The United Nations Operation in Cyprus Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The third largest island in the Mediterranean, Cyprus has been home to a host of visitors from the Romans to the Christian crusaders of the medieval era. Strategically located forty miles off the southern coast of Turkey, Cyprus has played a crucial role of base-island for foreign powers to station there as a vital trade link to the Middle East. Like the British who took control of the Turkish and Greek populated island after World War I. The British who sought after a base on the island, not the island itself, began to de-colonize the island and handed over power in 1960 through the joint Zurich-London agreements signed by England, Turkey and Greece. The island yearned for unity by... |
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| Free Essay on Military Interventions» |
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| Essay on The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I and START II) |
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| The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I and START II) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. START I and START II are two treaties that reduced the nuclear weapons stockpiles of the United States and the Soviet Union (and its successor, the Russian Federation). Negotiations for START I began in 1982. Washington and Moscow set a preliminary goal of reducing nuclear warhead stockpiles to 5,000 each. The deployment of U.S. intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe led the Soviets to withdraw from the discussions in 1983, but the talks were resumed in 1985 with a new proposed ceiling of 6,000 warheads for each of the superpowers. Negotiations continued over the next several years as the Soviets attempted to link prohibitions on space-based weapons... |
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| Free Essay on NuclearšandšConventional Weapons» |
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| Essay on The Six-Party Talks on North Korea's Nuclear Program |
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| The Six-Party Talks on North Korea's Nuclear Program Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Six-Party Talks are a series of negotiations that began in 2003 between North Korea and Japan, the People's Republic of China, Russia, South Korea, and the United States in an effort to persuade Pyongyang to remain part of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The talks began after the discovery that North Korea had violated the 1994 Framework Agreement with North Korea in which Pyongyang pledged to end its pursuit of nuclear weapons in exchange for food and energy aid from Japan, South Korea, and the United States and the potential for normalized relations with Washington. The first meeting was held in August 2003, but the parties were able to reach agreement only... |
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| Free Essay on NuclearšandšConventional Weapons» |
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| Essay on The North Korean Nuclear Crisis |
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| The North Korean Nuclear Crisis Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. North Korea's nuclear weapons program almost prompted American bombing strikes in 1994 and continues to serve as one of the main security threats in the region. Pyongyang began its nuclear program in the 1980s with the construction of a nuclear reactor at Yongbyon. The spent fuel rods from the reactor were converted into weapons-grade plutonium. As a signatory to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), North Korea was supposed to allow inspections of its nuclear facilities by international monitors, but it refused access. In 1989, U.S. intelligence discovered that North Korea had an active nuclear weapons program that would be capable of producing 30 atomic bombs per year within a five... |
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| Free Essay on NuclearšandšConventional Weapons» |
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| Essay on The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Tests |
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| The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Tests Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. In 1998, India and Pakistan conducted a series of reciprocal nuclear tests. The tests confirmed the existence of each country's nuclear program and highlighted escalating tensions between the neighboring states. The explosions also underscored deficiencies in U.S. intelligence programs, since the country's security agencies failed to predict the tests. In Indian elections in March 1998, the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won the largest number of seats and formed a coalition government. The BJP government initiated a broad review of national security policy. It also appealed to Washington to use its influence with Islamabad to resolve the ongoing conflict in the disputed... |
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| Free Essay on NuclearšandšConventional Weapons» |
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| Essay on The Framework Agreement with North Korea (1994) |
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| The Framework Agreement with North Korea (1994) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. An agreement between the United States and North Korea offered Pyongyang food and energy assistance in exchange for the regime's cessation of its nuclear weapons program. North Korea began producing plutonium in the late 1980s, and U.S. intelligence confirmed that the country was trying to acquire enough radioactive material to produce a nuclear weapon. In 1993, Pyongyang announced that it would withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The regime also refused to allow United Nations inspectors access to its nuclear facilities. By 1994, the Central Intelligence Agency estimated that North Korea had enough material to build up to 10 atomic bombs. The administration of... |
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| Free Essay on NuclearšandšConventional Weapons» |
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| Essay on Bread for the World Organization |
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| Bread for the World Organization Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Founded in 1974 by the Reverend Arthur Simon, Bread for the World, a Christian citizens' organization, has been devoted to hunger issues around the globe since its inception. What began as a small group of Roman Catholics and Protestants grew to more than 45,000 members by the 1990s and continues to maintain a large membership base. This nonpartisan, multidenominational organization is composed of concerned Christians and is devoted primarily to lobbying the government to make real and lasting improvements for the world's poorest people. Bread for the World does not provide direct relief, but instead focuses its grassroots efforts on contacting members of Congress, encouraging them to propose... |
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| Free Essay on Organizations and Institutions» |
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| Essay on Agudat Israel of America |
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| Agudat Israel of America Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Almost from the beginning of the Zionist enterprise that was born at the end of the 19th century, some of its most vociferous opponents were Jews. While much of the Jewish opposition to Zionism came from secularized communities in western Europe and North America, a significant proportion was also from a segment of the Orthodox Jewish constituency. Agudat Israel was the foremost anti-Zionist expression to emanate from Orthodox Judaism. These Jews believed that political Zionism was a heretical travesty. They believed that Israel could only be reestablished by the intervention of the Messiah. In the view of Agudat Israel, the state of Israel is different from other countries. It is a sacred polity that cannot... |
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| Free Essay on Organizations and Institutions» |
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| Essay on The World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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| The World Trade Organization (WTO) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The WTO was created in 1995 from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as a body to lower tariffs and, therefore, enhance trade and oversee economic disputes between nations. GATT had been created in 1948, and the body achieved notable gains in eliminating tariffs. However, it was less successful in overcoming nontariff barriers to trade such as subsidies and commercial practices. Consequently, during the Uruguay Round of GATT (1986-1995), a range of reform proposals were considered. Participant countries in GATT agreed that further economic progress could be accomplished only through the development of dispute resolution mechanism and trade review mechanisms. To accomplish... |
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| Free Essay on Organizations and Institutions» |
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| Essay on The World Bank Group |
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| The World Bank Group Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The World Bank Group (commonly referred to as simply the World Bank), founded in 1945, consists of five international financial institutions that provide grants, loans, and technical assistance to countries in an effort to promote economic development and alleviate poverty: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, the International Development Association, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes. The World Bank's services are generally focused on the developing world and cover issues such as economic development in general, strengthening financial networks, improvements... |
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| Free Essay on Organizations and Institutions» |
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| Essay on The United Nations Dues Controversy |
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| The United Nations Dues Controversy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. With the end of the Cold War, there were calls by successive U.S. administrations for the United Nations (UN) to reassess the level of dues paid by America to support the organization. Throughout the superpower struggle, the United States had paid 25 percent of the overall budget of the UN and provided as much as 31 percent of the budget for peacekeeping operations. American officials argued that the fee structure had been determined at a time when the United States accounted for a much greater share of the world economy and that Washington's payments should now be reduced. In addition, senior congressmen, notably North Carolina Republican senator Jesse Helms, argued that the UN was corrupt... |
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| Free Essay on Organizations and Institutions» |
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| Essay on John Calhoun |
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| John Calhoun Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. American statesman and political theorist John Calhoun is best known for his defense of a states' rights view of the U.S. Constitution. His theories of states' nullification of federal laws and the right of individual states to secede from the union greatly influenced the South in the U.S. Civil War. His argument for "concurrent (state) majorities" is seen as an attempt to preserve the institution of black slavery in the Southern states. In Calhoun's theory, earlier associated with the Antifederalists, he conceived of the United States of America as a compact among sovereign independent states. In this view, the central, national government in Washington, D.C., was limited to foreign affairs, the states retaining... |
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| Free Essay on Politicians» |
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| Essay on William F. Buckley, Jr. |
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| William F. Buckley, Jr. Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. William F. Buckley, Jr., describes himself as a libertarian journalist. This title, reflected on his most recent book cover, describes a fusion between the ideological underpinnings of conservatism and libertarianism, combined with the trappings of journalism. More specifically, the goals of such a school of thought are to point out to the straight libertarians and to the conservatives how much they have had in common and how effective the symbiosis would be between them. Ever present in his thinking and writing, Buckley seeks to answer the question: Does this augment or diminish human liberty? In many ways, Buckley's views are neither conservative nor liberal. His view, for example, on the legalization... |
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| Free Essay on Politicians» |
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| Essay on William J. Bennett |
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| William J. Bennett Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. William Bennett is the co-director and co-founder of Empower America, a fellow with the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, and the author of 11 books. Notable among his writings are The Book of Virtues, The Children's Book of Virtues, and The Death of Outrage: Bill Clinton and the Assault on American Ideals, which reached number one on the New York Times best-seller list. His latest book, The Educated Child: A Parent's Guide, reflects his emphasis on the issues of educational reform and the decline of morality in U.S. society. Dr. Bennett served as President Reagan's chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities and secretary of education and as President G. H. W. Bush's drug czar. Dr. Bennett... |
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| Free Essay on Politicians» |
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| Essay on Edward Bellamy |
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| Edward Bellamy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Born in Massachusetts in 1850, Edward Bellamy is best known for his utopian novel, Looking Backward (1889), which was one of the most popular utopian socialist books critical of U.S. capitalism, industrialism, and late 19th-century society. In this book, Bellamy's main character (who awakens from a hypnotic 100-year sleep in the year 2000) sees how the United States has solved the problems of capitalism and competition in his own time. He is told that economic competition in the 20th century caused the ruin of many businesses and the consolidation of all firms into one big monopoly. Then the American people, democratically, nationalized this economic monopoly, creating a socialist system of cooperation, harmony... |
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| Essay on Benjamin Barber |
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| Benjamin Barber Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Benjamin Barber is considered to be a leading U.S. democratic theorist of the 20th century, he is best known for his book Strong Democracy, considered a classic text on communitarian democracy. Heavily influenced by Rousseau and Hegel, Barber's work critiques the individualism of British liberalism and argues for political participation, direct democracy, and citizen involvement in collective social choices. He believes that democracy is a way of life as well as a form of government, that power should flow from the bottom up, and that individual rights should be balanced by social responsibility. Barber celebrates individual membership in family, communities of all kinds, and political participation... |
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| Essay on The World Trade Center Bombing (1993) |
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| The World Trade Center Bombing (1993) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. On 26 February 1993, Islamic terrorists exploded a car bomb in the parking garage of the North Tower (Tower 1) of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City in an unsuccessful effort to make the building collapse into the South Tower (Tower 2), therefore destroying both buildings. The attack was conducted by a network of terrorists affiliated with Al Qaeda. The bombing was planned by Ramzi Yousef with support and financial assistance from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who later orchestrated the September 11 terrorist attacks. At least 12 other terrorists assisted with the making of the bomb or provided other logistical support. The bomb consisted of approximately 1,300 pounds (600 kg) of... |
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| Essay on The Attack on USS Cole (2000) |
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| The Attack on USS Cole (2000) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. On 12 October 2000, Al Qaeda terrorists detonated an explosives-laden boat next to an American naval vessel, the Cole, in the Yemeni port of Aden. The attack killed 17 sailors and wounded 39 others. The Cole was a guided-missile destroyer that had stopped in Aden to refuel. Arrangements to refuel were made 12 days in advance through the port and a commercial company, and the terrorists were able to obtain advance information about the ship's arrival. About 40 minutes into the five-hour refueling process, an inflatable boat with 600-700 pounds of explosives, driven by Ibrahim al-Thawr and Abdullah al-Misawa, came alongside the Cole. Sailors on board the Cole saw the suspicious boat, but under the rules... |
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| Essay on The Philippines Hostage Crisis (2001) |
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| The Philippines Hostage Crisis (2001) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. On 27 May 2001, terrorists of the Al Qaeda-linked Abu Sayyaf Group took 13 tourists and three workers hostage from a resort on the island of Palawan in the Philippines. Among those seized were three Americans: Guillermo Sobero and a missionary couple, Martin and Gracia Burnham. The captives were taken to Basilan Island. Abu Sayyaf was formed in 1990 after its founder, Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, was given $6 million by Osama bin Laden to create an Islamic terrorist group among the Muslim population of the Philippines. The kidnappings were part of a broader campaign undertaken by the group to gain financial resources through ransoming captives. More than 30 foreigners and 50 Filipinos... |
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| Essay on The Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie |
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| The Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. On 21 December 1988, a terrorist bomb exploded aboard Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 270 people. The attack was the deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. citizens until the September 11 terrorist attacks. On 5 December, the U.S. Embassy in Helsinki had received a warning that terrorists would blow up a Pan Am flight within a two-week period. The State Department warned embassies and airlines throughout Europe. However, airline screeners failed to take significant additional security measures. The explosive device, hidden in the luggage, detonated at around 7:00 P.M. and tore a hole in the fuselage, which then caused the Boeing 747 to disintegrate and killed all 16 crew members and 243 passengers... |
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| Essay on The Millennium Bomb Plots |
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| The Millennium Bomb Plots Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Millennium Bomb Plots were a series of attacks unsuccessfully attempted by terrorists against targets in the Middle East and the United States on the eve of the 21st century. The planned strikes were organized by Al Qaeda-linked groups, which wanted to capitalize on the symbolism of the new millennium. The most significant plot originated in Jordan, where members of a joint Algerian-Jordanian terrorist group sought to launch a bombing campaign against Western targets. Two Palestinians, Raed Hijazi and Abu Hoshar, developed the initial plans, which were approved by Abu Zubaydah, an ally of Osama bin Laden. The targets included the Radisson Hotel in Amman, the border crossing between Jordan and Israel... |
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| Essay on The Rwandan Genocide (1994) |
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| The Rwandan Genocide (1994) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Rwandan Genocide was a massacre of an estimated 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus over a 100-day period in 1994. The genocide was an example of ethnic cleansing, as two Hutu groups attempted to kill or displace Rwanda's Tutsi minority. During the atrocities, the United States, other world powers, and the United Nations (UN) did little or nothing to stop the killing. In 1993, the United States and France had sponsored peace negotiations between the Hutus and Tutsis, who were engaged in a civil war. The accords were unpopular with Hutu extremists, and they used the 6 April 1994 assassination of Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana as an excuse to launch an ethnic-cleansing campaign against... |
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| Free Essay on Wars and Conflicts» |
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| Essay on The Liberian Civil War |
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| The Liberian Civil War Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Since the end of the Cold War, successive U.S. administrations have endeavored to end the violence and ethnic conflict in Liberia. Liberia was founded in 1822 as a haven for freed slaves by the American Colonization Society. It declared its independence in 1847, but was not recognized by Washington until 1862. The country experienced continued ethnic conflict and strife between the descendents of the former American slaves (the Americo-Liberians) and indigenous peoples, who faced various forms of discrimination. For instance, all native peoples did not gain the right to vote until 1946. In 1980, a military coup overthrew the Americo-Liberian government and installed a regime dominated by indigenous peoples... |
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| Essay on The War in Kosovo |
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| The War in Kosovo Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Kosovo War was a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air campaign to force the Serbs to comply with United Nations (UN) resolutions regarding the ethnic conflict that erupted in the Serbian province of Kosovo. By 1998, ethnic conflict between Serbs and ethnic Albanians in Kosovo had produced 120,000 internal and external refugees. In March, Serb paramilitary and government units launched a broad offensive against an Albanian rebel group, the Kosovo Liberation Army. By the end of the year, an estimated 2,000 Albanians had been killed, and an additional 400,000 had become refugees. A variety of international mediation efforts by, among others, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)... |
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| Essay on Ethnic Cleansing Campaigns |
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| Ethnic Cleansing Campaigns Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Ethnic cleansing has been practiced throughout history, but the phrase came into popular use during the Balkan Wars in the 1990s. The media extensively reported on the ethnic-cleansing campaigns conducted by the Serbs, and international attention prompted the administration of William J. Clinton to intervene in the Bosnian Conflict and Kosovo War. Ethnic-cleansing campaigns during World War II and the early days of the Cold War had forced the relocation of large populations and the redrawing of national borders in Europe. However, by the end of the Cold War, most believed that the borders of both East and West Europe were relatively stable and that ethnic conflict was a thing of the past. Nevertheless... |
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| Essay on East Timor Struggle for Independence |
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| East Timor Struggle for Independence Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. East Timor was under Indonesian control until 1999 when a United Nations (UN)-sponsored peace initiative began a political process that resulted in independence. In 1975, Indonesia had invaded the Portuguese colony and annexed the area (the UN and Portugal refused to recognize the takeover). The mainly Roman Catholic region underwent brutal repression that left some 100,000 East Timorese dead. In 1998, renewed violence by pro-Jakarta militias led to international efforts to mediate the conflict. The UN sponsored negotiations between Indonesia, Portugal, and Timorese independence leaders. The discussions initially deadlocked, with Jakarta offering to make the region an autonomous province... |
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