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| You Are Here: Home > Essay Topics > Political Topics for Essays & Research Papers > Alliances, Pacts, and Treaties |
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|  Essay on The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) |
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| The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. On the eve of World War II, the Western democracies took considerable comfort in what they were confident was the implacable opposition of Soviet communism to German Nazism. Joseph Stalin was the polar opposite of Adolf Hitler, and as long as Hitler had reason to fear the Soviets in the east, he would never venture to begin a war with the west. This optimistic view of European politics relied too heavily on Stalin's idealism, which, it turned out, was a nonexistent commodity. While Nazism was indeed the ideological antithesis of communism, Stalin, the pragmatist, decided that a guarantee of nonaggression with his rival would put the Soviet Union in a powerful position with respect... |
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| Essay on The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) » |
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| Essay on The Geneva Conventions |
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| The Geneva Conventions Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Geneva Conventions of 1929 were, at the time of World War II, the latest chapter in a long history of attempts to regulate wartime behavior by codifying the rules of appropriate and humane military conduct. Historians believe that the earliest recorded attempt along these lines is found in the writings of the sixth-century BC Chinese general, strategist, and military theorist Sun Tzu. As early as 200 BC, in ancient India, the Hindu Law Code of Manu introduced the concept of war crimes. In 1625, the Dutch jurist and theologian Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) wrote On the Law of War and Peace, which concerns the treatment of civilians in time of war. During World War II, references to the "Geneva Convention"... |
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| Essay on The Geneva Conventions » |
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| Essay on The Casablanca Conference (1943) |
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| The Casablanca Conference (1943) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Casablanca Conference was held from January 12 to January 23, 1943, at Casablanca, Morocco, between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill, together with their top military aides, advisers, and chiefs. The objective of the conference was to plan the ongoing and future military strategy of the Western Allies. Although Joseph Stalin was invited, he did not attend. The principal topics for discussion included agreeing definitively on the next step to come after the conquest of North Africa. The leaders concluded that Sicily would be the Allies' next objective. Also under discussion was the deployment of forces in the Pacific theater and, in the Far East, how scarce... |
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| Essay on The Casablanca Conference (1943) » |
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| Essay on The Munich Pact of 1938 |
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| The Munich Pact of 1938 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Soon after the 1938 Anschluss (in which Germany annexed Austria without any European opposition), Adolf Hitler turned his attention to the Sudetenland, the northwest area of Czechoslovakia, which, although it contained a large German-speaking population, was awarded to Czechoslovakia in the peace treaty of 1919. Germany announced its intention to annex the Sudetenland, prompting a military buildup on both sides of the Czech-German border. A German invasion seemed imminent, and the Czechs looked to their powerful allies, Britain and France, for support. The British government under Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, anxious to avoid a military conflict, attempted to pressure the Czechs to make concessions... |
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| Essay on The Munich Pact of 1938 » |
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| Essay on The Taba Summit (2001) |
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| The Taba Summit (2001) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Taba Summit was the last effort by the administration of William J. Clinton to achieve a major diplomatic breakthrough in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Following the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, Clinton brought Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat together at Taba, Egypt. After the Camp David Summit, the Palestinians launched a new intifada, or series of attacks, on Israel following a provocative visit to the Temple Mount by Ariel Sharon, the leader of the Likud Party and a candidate in the upcoming Israeli elections. U.S. negotiators met with Israeli and Palestinian representatives in Washington, D.C., in December in an effort to make sure that an agreement... |
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| Essay on The Taba Summit (2001) » |
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| Essay on The Western European Union (WEU) |
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| The Western European Union (WEU) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The WEU was created in 1955 as a means to allow German rearmament within the auspices of a European collective security organization. At the end of the Cold War, it emerged as the means to propel European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI), which later led to the endorsement of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) within the European Union (EU). The organization's roots were in the 1948 Brussels Treaty, which created a collective defense alliance among the states of Western Europe. The original members were Belgium, France, Great Britain, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 superseded the Brussels Treaty, but the framework... |
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| Essay on The Western European Union (WEU) » |
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| Essay on The Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty |
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| The Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Ottawa Treaty or the Mine Ban Treaty is an informal name for the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production, and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and on their Destruction. It prohibits the use and stockpiling of antipersonnel land mines. Negotiations over the treaty began in 1992 after the end of the Cold War. Civilians in many countries have been killed or injured by mines left over from conflicts during the superpower struggle. Banning such weapons became a worldwide cause through the efforts of Princess Diana of Great Britain, who publicized the destruction and personal tragedies associated with mines. The Mine Ban Treaty was finalized during a convention in Ottawa... |
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| Essay on The Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty » |
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| Essay on The Treaty on Open Skies (2002) |
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| The Treaty on Open Skies (2002) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Treaty on Open Skies is an agreement whose purpose was to improve security confidence in other countries by allowing unarmed aerial reconnaissance flights. The treaty was signed in 1992 and entered into force on 1 January 2002 with 34 signatories. It had initially been proposed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1955, but negotiations on the initiative languished until the end of the Cold War. In 1989, President George H. W. Bush proposed the re-launch of talks. The following year, a conference on the Open Skies Treaty was held in Ottawa, Canada. Negotiations were finalized in a series of conferences, and the accord was signed by Secretary of State James A. Baker III on 24 March 1992 in... |
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| Essay on The Treaty on Open Skies (2002) » |
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| Essay on The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
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| The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. NAFTA is an economic accord among Canada, Mexico, and the United States that was signed on 17 December 1992 and came into force on 1 January 1994. It created a regional trade bloc that in 2004 had 430 million people and a combined annual economic output of $12.9 trillion (compared with the European Union's 460 million people and $11.7 trillion). NAFTA's genesis was the 1989 U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, which removed tariffs and restrictions on trade between the two countries. Negotiations on NAFTA were initiated by President George H. W. Bush and completed in 1992, when the treaty was signed by the leaders of the three nations. NAFTA went into effect following ratification by... |
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| Essay on The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) » |
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| Essay on The Expansion of NATO (2004) |
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| The Expansion of NATO (2004) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The biggest expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) membership occurred in 2004 when the alliance admitted seven states from Eastern and Central Europe. The new members were Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The enlargement confirmed NATO's role as the cornerstone of European security and, along with the concurrent European Union (EU) expansion, helped erase the artificial divide created by the Cold War. The 1999 NATO enlargement was judged by all to have been a success, but members expressed concern that another round could make the alliance, which operated on the basis of consensus, unwieldy. In order to improve their odds for membership... |
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| Essay on The Expansion of NATO (2004) » |
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| Essay on The Enlargement of NATO (1999) |
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| The Enlargement of NATO (1999) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. In 1999, three former members of the Warsaw Pact--the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland--became members of their former Cold War nemesis, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and increased the size of the alliance from 16 to 19 members. Several European states, led by France, advocated the creation of new, post-Cold War security structures or the strengthening of parallel bodies such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. However, the William J. Clinton administration sought to forestall such initiatives. Successive U.S. administrations perceived NATO expansion as a means of demonstrating the continuing utility of the transatlantic alliance. At the 1994... |
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| Essay on The Enlargement of NATO (1999) » |
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| Essay on The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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| The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. NATO is an alliance formed to contain Soviet expansion in Europe during the Cold War, which then transformed into a broad security body that undertook a range of operations outside of its traditional geographic area in Western Europe. NATO was formed by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States in 1949. During the Cold War, the alliance expanded to include Greece, Turkey, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Spain. While the superpower conflict continued, NATO preserved the American defense commitment to Europe and provided a mechanism to coordinate defense policy among the allies... |
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| Essay on The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) » |
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| Essay on The Maastricht Treaty (1992): The Treaty on European Union |
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| The Maastricht Treaty (1992): The Treaty on European Union Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, was the means through which the European Community (EC) became the European Union (EU). While the EC had made significant progress in monetary terms, there was momentum for deeper economic integration and an expansion of political cooperation. The Maastricht Treaty was an effort to create a balance between the rights and powers of individual governments while transferring some authority to the new EU. The EU itself was envisioned as an intergovernmental organization, as opposed to a supranational entity. The Maastricht Treaty created three "pillars" within the EU: The first pillar was economic and social policy, the existing areas... |
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| Essay on The Maastricht Treaty (1992): The Treaty on European Union » |
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| Essay on The Ivory Trade Ban |
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| The Ivory Trade Ban Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Hunting and poaching of African elephants reduced their population in the wild from 1.3 million in 1979 to 625,000 in 1989. In response to this dramatic decline, in 1990 an international convention banned the global trade of ivory. The ban was enacted by the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora (CITES). The United States supported the ban and provided economic aid to countries such as Botswana, Kenya, and Namibia to offset the loss of income associated with it. The ban substantially slowed the rate of decline, although by 2005 the number of elephants in Africa had fallen to 580,000. Poaching remains a significant problem among countries in the region... |
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| Essay on The Ivory Trade Ban » |
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| Essay on The Group of Eight (G-8) |
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| The Group of Eight (G-8) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The world's eight major industrialized countries--Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States, together account for more than 65 percent of the global economy. The heads of state of the G-8 meet annually for a three-day summit. The presidency of the group rotates every year and is tasked with setting the annual agenda and hosting the meeting. The G-8 began in 1975, when French president ValeryGiscard d'Estaing invited the heads of the six wealthiest industrialized democracies--France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States--to begin regular meetings. In 1976, Canada joined the meetings, which became known as the Group of Seven (G-7). The following... |
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| Essay on The Group of Eight (G-8) » |
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| Essay on The Reunification of Germany |
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| The Reunification of Germany Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. At the end of the Cold War, two countries--the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), also known as West Germany, and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or East Germany--were reunited into a single state. The division of Germany had occurred at the end of World War II when the Soviet-captured areas were incorporated into a Communist satellite state, East Germany. Meanwhile, the areas under the auspices of the Western powers--France, Great Britain, and the United States--were united as the democratic West Germany. The former German capital, Berlin, was also divided between East and West sectors. Throughout the Cold War, there seemed little likelihood that the two countries could be reunified. However, when... |
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| Essay on The Reunification of Germany » |
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| Essay on The European Union (EU) |
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| The European Union (EU) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The political and economic engine of Western Europe, the EU, originally the European Economic Community (EEC) and then the European Community (EC), evolved from early post-World War II efforts to improve economic cooperation in order to rebuild the battered economies of Western Europe. The EEC, and later EU, subsequently became the mechanism for integration in a broad range of areas, including most recently, foreign and security policy. Throughout its history, EU's integration has been supported by successive American administrations. The early forerunner of the EU was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which brought together Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg... |
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| Essay on The European Union (EU) » |
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| Essay on European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) |
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| European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. A broad effort to enhance the role and influence of European states in transatlantic security, ESDI reflects European efforts to gain more autonomy in security matters and U.S. preferences for increased burden sharing. At different times, ESDI has been perceived by both supporters and detractors as either competitive with or complimentary to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Following the 1999 Washington Summit, NATO affirmed its commitment to develop ESDI within the context of the alliance. The reduction of tensions associated with the Cold War during the 1980s reignited the drive to meet the goals of increased autonomy and greater burden sharing as proposals were... |
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| Essay on European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) » |
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| Essay on Euro: The Common Currency of the European Union |
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| Euro: The Common Currency of the European Union Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The euro was introduced in 1999 as a component of the European Monetary Union (EMU), and its adoption marked the largest currency conversion in history. EMU was proposed by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty. Under the agreement, EMU was to be achieved in three stages. The first stage was marked by complete freedom in financial transactions and increased cooperation between national banks. In addition, the European Currency Unit or ECU, the non-currency forerunner to the euro, was authorized for use in financial transactions. The second stage of EMU included the creation of the European Monetary Institute (EMI), which was established in 1994 as the forerunner of the European Central Bank (ECB)... |
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| Essay on Euro: The Common Currency of the European Union » |
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| Essay on The 1992 Earth Summit |
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| The 1992 Earth Summit Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The 1992 Earth Summit was the largest formal environmental conference in history and set the stage for the Kyoto Protocol on global warming. Officially dubbed the United Nations (UN) Conference on Environment and Development, the conference took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3 to 14 June 1992. The summit was a follow-up to the first UN environmental conference held in 1972. Planning for the event began in 1989. Representatives from 172 countries attended, along with more than 2,400 delegates from nongovernmental organizations, while 108 heads of state made appearances. President George H. W. Bush did not attend and faced domestic and international criticism for Washington's failure to adopt a leadership... |
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| Essay on The 1992 Earth Summit » |
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| Essay on Defense Spending and Alliance Burden Sharing |
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| Defense Spending and Alliance Burden Sharing Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. With the end of the Cold War, the United States dramatically cut defense expenditures. This trend began in the administration of Ronald W. Reagan and continued through the presidencies of George H. W. Bush and William J. Clinton. In spite of the decline in defense expenditures, America remained the world's foremost military power. Concurrent reductions in defense budgets by Washington's allies renewed controversies over burden sharing within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and heightened concerns over the ability of U.S. forces to operate with allied troops. By 2006, U.S. defense spending totaled more than the rest of the world combined. America's share of the NATO budget... |
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| Essay on Defense Spending and Alliance Burden Sharing » |
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| Essay on The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) |
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| The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. CIS is a loose political, economic, and military alliance between 11 former states of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The CIS had its origins in a meeting between the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in December 1991. The three leaders signed the founding documents of the CIS on 8 December and invited other states to join. Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev denounced the new organization, but when 11 of the 15 republics agreed to join the CIS, he realized that the body marked the end of the USSR. He resigned on 25 December and the Soviet Union ceased to exist on 1 January 1992. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania declined to join the CIS. Georgia, too, initially declined... |
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| Essay on The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) » |
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| Essay on The Coalition of the Willing |
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| The Coalition of the Willing Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Coalition of the Willing is a Adiplomatic tool that gathers countries with similar policy goals into loose alliances by allowing individual states to participate at varying levels of commitment. Coalitions and alliances are a common feature of international relations. Through most of its history, the United States has preferred temporary coalitions to more formal alliances. The wartime coalitions of World War I and World War II were examples of this trend. However, during the Cold War, the United States developed more formal and permanent alliances, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The end of the Cold War and the concurrent demise of the Soviet Union reduced the main security... |
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| Essay on The Coalition of the Willing » |
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| Essay on Camp David Summit (2000) |
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| Camp David Summit (2000) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Camp David Summit was one of the last significant efforts by the administration of William J. Clinton to negotiate a settlement to the Arab-Israeli conflict. The 2000 Camp David Summit included Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. On 5 July 2000, Clinton invited Barak and Arafat to meet at Camp David in an effort to replicate the success of the 1978 accords between Israel and Egypt. The summit lasted from 11 July to 25 July. During the discussions, Barak offered to accept the formation of a Palestinian state comprising 100 percent of the territory of the Gaza Strip; 73 percent of the West Bank (later improving the offer to 90 percent); and 3 percent of the... |
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| Essay on Camp David Summit (2000) » |
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| Essay on The Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) |
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| The Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. In 2001, the administration of President George W. Bush expanded an existing counternarcotics initiative, Plan Colombia, to provide greater economic and security assistance to Latin American countries trying to suppress drug trafficking and trade through the Andean Counterdrug Initiative. Between 2001 and 2005, funding for ACI expanded from $676 million to $725 million. Funds, equipment, and training were provided to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. ACI provided money and equipment for countries to eradicate drug crops and support increases in non-narcotic agriculture. Several countries initiated or expanded aerial spraying programs with the American assistance... |
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| Essay on The Andean Counterdrug Initiative (ACI) » |
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