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"Nazi" was the familiar name for the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), the National Socialist German Workers' Party, which was born of a post-World War I political movement called National Socialism. Contrary to popular belief, the Nazi Party was not founded by Adolf Hitler, but by an obscure Munich locksmith named Anton Drexler, as the German Workers' Party, in 1919. Hitler, at the time a political agent for the German army, joined Drexler's party in September 1919 and began a rapid rise within it. In 1920, he took charge of the party's propaganda operations and resigned from the army to devote himself full-time to the party. Hitler proved to be a popular orator of extraordinary power, and during 1920-21, he took over leadership of the party, pushing out the original leaders and renaming it the National Socialist German Workers' Party.

In many respects, Hitler was typical of the thousands of Germans outraged by the humiliating and economically ruinous terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The general discontent and desperation made fertile soil for the rise of the Nazis and, within Germany, no place was more promising for the rapid growth of the party than Bavaria, which had always harbored separatist sentiments with regard to the rest of the nation and which particularly despised the Berlin-based republican government imposed by the Versailles treaty. The principal Bavarian city, Munich, birthplace of the Nazi Party, was a magnet for disaffected veterans, including those who had joined the Freikorps, the extralegal paramilitary organization founded in 1918-19 and made up of German army units that, in effect, simply refused to demobilize. It was from the Freikorps ranks that many of the early members of the Nazi Party were recruited; this gave the party a strong paramilitary slant. The most prominent of the early Freikorps Nazi recruits was Ernst Rohm, who became closely associated with Hitler and raised and organized the uniformed thugs whom Hitler used early on to protect party meetings and to engage in street brawls with socialists and communists. Most of all, Rohm's thugs projected the organized strength of the party, much as Benito Mussolini's Blackshirts projected the strength of the Fascist Party in Italy. In 1921, Rohm organized his thugs--now known as Brownshirts--into a kind of palace guard called the Sturmabteilung (SA). Increasingly, Rohm obtained the cooperation and protection of the Bavarian government, which relied on him--at the time he was also a staff member of the official district army command--to employ the local army to maintain order. Thus Bavarian officials were often complicit in the tactics of terrorism and intimidation the SA used to suppress opposition to the Nazi Party. . .

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