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|  Essay on The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I and START II) |
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| The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I and START II) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. START I and START II are two treaties that reduced the nuclear weapons stockpiles of the United States and the Soviet Union (and its successor, the Russian Federation). Negotiations for START I began in 1982. Washington and Moscow set a preliminary goal of reducing nuclear warhead stockpiles to 5,000 each. The deployment of U.S. intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe led the Soviets to withdraw from the discussions in 1983, but the talks were resumed in 1985 with a new proposed ceiling of 6,000 warheads for each of the superpowers. Negotiations continued over the next several years as the Soviets attempted to link prohibitions on space-based weapons... |
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| Essay on The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I and START II) » |
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| Essay on The Six-Party Talks on North Korea's Nuclear Program |
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| The Six-Party Talks on North Korea's Nuclear Program Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Six-Party Talks are a series of negotiations that began in 2003 between North Korea and Japan, the People's Republic of China, Russia, South Korea, and the United States in an effort to persuade Pyongyang to remain part of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The talks began after the discovery that North Korea had violated the 1994 Framework Agreement with North Korea in which Pyongyang pledged to end its pursuit of nuclear weapons in exchange for food and energy aid from Japan, South Korea, and the United States and the potential for normalized relations with Washington. The first meeting was held in August 2003, but the parties were able to reach agreement only... |
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| Essay on The Six-Party Talks on North Korea's Nuclear Program » |
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| Essay on The North Korean Nuclear Crisis |
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| The North Korean Nuclear Crisis Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. North Korea's nuclear weapons program almost prompted American bombing strikes in 1994 and continues to serve as one of the main security threats in the region. Pyongyang began its nuclear program in the 1980s with the construction of a nuclear reactor at Yongbyon. The spent fuel rods from the reactor were converted into weapons-grade plutonium. As a signatory to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), North Korea was supposed to allow inspections of its nuclear facilities by international monitors, but it refused access. In 1989, U.S. intelligence discovered that North Korea had an active nuclear weapons program that would be capable of producing 30 atomic bombs per year within a five... |
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| Essay on The North Korean Nuclear Crisis » |
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| Essay on The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Tests |
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| The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Tests Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. In 1998, India and Pakistan conducted a series of reciprocal nuclear tests. The tests confirmed the existence of each country's nuclear program and highlighted escalating tensions between the neighboring states. The explosions also underscored deficiencies in U.S. intelligence programs, since the country's security agencies failed to predict the tests. In Indian elections in March 1998, the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won the largest number of seats and formed a coalition government. The BJP government initiated a broad review of national security policy. It also appealed to Washington to use its influence with Islamabad to resolve the ongoing conflict in the disputed... |
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| Essay on The Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Tests » |
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| Essay on The Framework Agreement with North Korea (1994) |
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| The Framework Agreement with North Korea (1994) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. An agreement between the United States and North Korea offered Pyongyang food and energy assistance in exchange for the regime's cessation of its nuclear weapons program. North Korea began producing plutonium in the late 1980s, and U.S. intelligence confirmed that the country was trying to acquire enough radioactive material to produce a nuclear weapon. In 1993, Pyongyang announced that it would withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The regime also refused to allow United Nations inspectors access to its nuclear facilities. By 1994, the Central Intelligence Agency estimated that North Korea had enough material to build up to 10 atomic bombs. The administration of... |
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| Essay on The Framework Agreement with North Korea (1994) » |
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| Essay on Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE, 1990) |
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| Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE, 1990) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. CFE was a major step in arms control between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact. Whereas previous arms control agreements had focused on weapons of mass destruction, including the 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, the CFE marked the most significant conventional arms control initiative between the rival superpower blocs. The original initiative for the accord came from Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who proposed unilateral reductions in conventional arms and then ordered some withdrawals of forces from Eastern Europe. Gorbachev hoped that the reductions would allow Moscow to shift resources away from... |
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| Essay on Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE, 1990) » |
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| Essay on Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) |
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| Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. CTBT is a 1996 international agreement that outlawed nuclear tests. The CTBT was a follow-up to the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT). The PTBT banned atomic tests in space or underwater, but its effectiveness was limited by the refusal of France and the People's Republic of China to sign the accord (France continued to conduct nuclear tests as late as 1995). With the end of the Cold War, momentum for a revised treaty that would completely eliminate nuclear tests was renewed. In 1991, the PTBT signatories agreed to launch a new round of negotiations on a complete ban. The United Nations (UN) endorsed the discussions, and talks began in 1993. Initial divergences over verification slowed progress... |
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| Essay on Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) » |
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| Essay on The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC, 1993) |
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| The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC, 1993) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction--commonly known as the Chemical Weapons Convention--bans the use, production, and stockpiling of chemical weapons. Signed in 1993, the convention bolstered existing international law against the use of chemical weapons and the 1925 Geneva Convention Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. The roots of the CWC were in the November 1969 unilateral decision by the administration of President Richard M. Nixon to ban the use of chemical and biological weapons... |
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| Essay on The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC, 1993) » |
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| Essay on Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) |
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| Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Also known as National Missile Defense, BMD is a planned system to protect all 50 U.S. states from incoming missile attack. Throughout the Cold War, the United States relied on deterrence instead of missile defense to counter potential threats. This policy preference was codified by the 1972 Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, there were repeated efforts to develop a missile defense system. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) of the administration of Ronald W. Reagan was the most significant manifestation of the drive to develop a BMD system. In its efforts to develop SDI, the Reagan administration unilaterally reinterpreted the ABM Treaty... |
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| Essay on Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) » |
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| Essay on Arms Sales and Weapon Transfers |
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| Arms Sales and Weapon Transfers Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. An important component of United States foreign and security policy during the Cold War, arms sales and weapons transfers were elevated to become one of the nation's key goals during the administration of William J. Clinton. Weapons sales were seen as a way to promote the domestic American arms industry and to ensure interoperability among the country's key allies. Defense sales were also a tool to gain or maintain influence with regional allies. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was the main competitor to the United States in the global arms market. However, the end of the superpower conflict and the superiority of U.S. arms during the 1991 Persian Gulf War led America to become the world's... |
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| Essay on Arms Sales and Weapon Transfers » |
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| Essay on Global Arms Control |
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| Global Arms Control Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Arms control is one of the foreign policy priorities of successive post–Cold War administrations. Washington sought to expand agreements developed during the bipolar conflict in order to gain a peace dividend in reduced domestic defense expenditures and lessen global tensions. U.S. arms control efforts included attempts to reduce both strategic and conventional weapons. In 1991, U.S. president George H. W. Bush and Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev signed the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), which reduced the nuclear arsenal to 6,000 total warheads for each superpower. START I was the culmination of negotiations that began in 1982. Talks immediately began on START II, which would further reduce nuclear... |
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| Essay on Global Arms Control » |
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