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|  Essay on The Rwandan Genocide (1994) |
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| The Rwandan Genocide (1994) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The Rwandan Genocide was a massacre of an estimated 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus over a 100-day period in 1994. The genocide was an example of ethnic cleansing, as two Hutu groups attempted to kill or displace Rwanda's Tutsi minority. During the atrocities, the United States, other world powers, and the United Nations (UN) did little or nothing to stop the killing. In 1993, the United States and France had sponsored peace negotiations between the Hutus and Tutsis, who were engaged in a civil war. The accords were unpopular with Hutu extremists, and they used the 6 April 1994 assassination of Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana as an excuse to launch an ethnic-cleansing campaign against... |
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| Essay on The Rwandan Genocide (1994) » |
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| Essay on The Liberian Civil War |
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| The Liberian Civil War Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Since the end of the Cold War, successive U.S. administrations have endeavored to end the violence and ethnic conflict in Liberia. Liberia was founded in 1822 as a haven for freed slaves by the American Colonization Society. It declared its independence in 1847, but was not recognized by Washington until 1862. The country experienced continued ethnic conflict and strife between the descendents of the former American slaves (the Americo-Liberians) and indigenous peoples, who faced various forms of discrimination. For instance, all native peoples did not gain the right to vote until 1946. In 1980, a military coup overthrew the Americo-Liberian government and installed a regime dominated by indigenous peoples... |
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| Essay on The Liberian Civil War » |
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| Essay on The War in Kosovo |
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| The War in Kosovo Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Kosovo War was a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air campaign to force the Serbs to comply with United Nations (UN) resolutions regarding the ethnic conflict that erupted in the Serbian province of Kosovo. By 1998, ethnic conflict between Serbs and ethnic Albanians in Kosovo had produced 120,000 internal and external refugees. In March, Serb paramilitary and government units launched a broad offensive against an Albanian rebel group, the Kosovo Liberation Army. By the end of the year, an estimated 2,000 Albanians had been killed, and an additional 400,000 had become refugees. A variety of international mediation efforts by, among others, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)... |
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| Essay on The War in Kosovo » |
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| Essay on Ethnic Cleansing Campaigns |
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| Ethnic Cleansing Campaigns Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Ethnic cleansing has been practiced throughout history, but the phrase came into popular use during the Balkan Wars in the 1990s. The media extensively reported on the ethnic-cleansing campaigns conducted by the Serbs, and international attention prompted the administration of William J. Clinton to intervene in the Bosnian Conflict and Kosovo War. Ethnic-cleansing campaigns during World War II and the early days of the Cold War had forced the relocation of large populations and the redrawing of national borders in Europe. However, by the end of the Cold War, most believed that the borders of both East and West Europe were relatively stable and that ethnic conflict was a thing of the past. Nevertheless... |
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| Essay on Ethnic Cleansing Campaigns » |
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| Essay on East Timor Struggle for Independence |
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| East Timor Struggle for Independence Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. East Timor was under Indonesian control until 1999 when a United Nations (UN)-sponsored peace initiative began a political process that resulted in independence. In 1975, Indonesia had invaded the Portuguese colony and annexed the area (the UN and Portugal refused to recognize the takeover). The mainly Roman Catholic region underwent brutal repression that left some 100,000 East Timorese dead. In 1998, renewed violence by pro-Jakarta militias led to international efforts to mediate the conflict. The UN sponsored negotiations between Indonesia, Portugal, and Timorese independence leaders. The discussions initially deadlocked, with Jakarta offering to make the region an autonomous province... |
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| Essay on East Timor Struggle for Independence » |
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| Essay on The Darfur Crisis and Ethnic Conflict in Sudan |
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| The Darfur Crisis and Ethnic Conflict in Sudan Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The conflict began in 2003 and has resulted in more than 400,000 dead and 2.5 million displaced as a result of ethnic cleansing. Sudan had already been divided by civil war through the 1970s and 1980s, with fighting between the predominately Muslim north and the Christian and animist south. A series of peace agreements failed to end the fighting until a comprehensive peace accord was signed in 2005 granting the south considerable autonomy. Even as the north-south conflict ended, a new round of ethnic strife emerged in the western region of Darfur. Tensions in Darfur had existed for a long period of time between herders and farmers divided along tribal lines. The herders were mainly... |
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| Essay on The Darfur Crisis and Ethnic Conflict in Sudan » |
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| Essay on The Congo Civil Wars (1996-2002) |
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| The Congo Civil Wars (1996-2002) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The First Congo Civil War (1996-1997) resulted in the overthrow of pro-American dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, while the Second Congo Civil War (1998-2003) expanded into a regional conflict that drew in eight other countries. Mobutu came to power in 1965 and renamed the former Belgian colony Zaire. His rule was noted for its corruption and graft. Throughout the Cold War, the Mobutu regime received economic and military support from the United States and other Western powers in return for its staunch anticommunism. However, at the end of the superpower conflict, Western aid was curtailed. In 1990, Congress rejected a request by the administration of President George H. W. Bush for continued military... |
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| Essay on The Congo Civil Wars (1996-2002) » |
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| Essay on The Conflict in Bosnia |
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| The Conflict in Bosnia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Ethnic strife in Bosnia provided one of the first tests of the post - Cold War security order. Although the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN) initially took the lead in trying to diffuse the conflict, stability was restored only with the deployment of U.S.-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces. Following a declaration of independence from Yugoslavia, Bosnia was engulfed in a bitter civil war. Estimates were that some 250,000 people were killed and more than 1.3 million were displaced. The European Community (EU after 1993) sought to manage the conflict without U.S. involvement. The administration of George H. W. Bush supported the maintenance of Yugoslavia as a consolidated state and... |
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| Essay on The Conflict in Bosnia » |
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| Essay on The Balkan Wars |
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| The Balkan Wars Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Balkan Wars are a series of conflicts that broke out in the Balkans as areas of the former Yugoslavia sought independence. The strife was marked by ethnic cleansing and was ultimately resolved through international intervention. During the Cold War, the six republics of Yugoslavia were kept under control of the central government through a mixture of concessions and suppression. The death of Yugoslav leader Tito in 1980 led to the ascension of Slobodan Milosevic as leader of the federation. Milosevic endeavored to enhance Serbian power at the expense of the other republics. This strengthened his political control within Serbia, but fueled separatist sentiments in Croatia and Slovenia. With the end of the... |
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| Essay on The Balkan Wars » |
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| Essay on The Arab-Israeli Conflict after the End of the Cold War |
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| The Arab-Israeli Conflict after the End of the Cold War Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The end of the Cold War seemed to usher in an era of progress in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict; however, tensions and strife continued into the new century. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) support for the regime of Saddam Hussein during the Persian Gulf War undermined the organization's credibility among many Arab states and led to renewed pressure on PLO leader Yasser Arafat to reach a political settlement with Israel. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush threatened to withhold $10 billion in loan guarantees to Israel unless the country stopped new settlements in the Occupied Territories (construction was halted in 1992). Meanwhile, Israel and the PLO conducted... |
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| Essay on The Arab-Israeli Conflict after the End of the Cold War » |
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| Essay on The Angola Conflict: 1961-2002 |
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| The Angola Conflict: 1961-2002 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Africa's longest civil war, and one of the many proxy struggles conducted during the Cold War by the United States and the Soviet Union. An estimated one million Angolans died during the four-decade-long struggle. In 1956, a Marxist group, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola, MPLA), was formed to fight for independence from Portugal. Through the 1960s, the MPLA conducted a guerrilla war against the colonial administration and a rival group, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertacao de Angola, FNLA). A third group, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total... |
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| Essay on The Angola Conflict: 1961-2002 » |
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| Essay on Operation Enduring Freedom |
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| Operation Enduring Freedom Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. Afghanistan was a military quagmire for the Soviet Union, and Moscow's withdrawal of forces in 1988 led to a period of instability that resulted in the rise of the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban regime and the eventual U.S.-led invasion of the country in 2001. Following the 1991 Soviet coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, an agreement was reached between Moscow, Washington, and the main mujahideen groups that called for the cessation of external military assistance and the concurrent creation of an interim government, along with plans for future elections. However, various factions immediately commenced a civil war, which lasted until 1996 when the predominately Pashtun Taliban took control of 90 percent... |
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| Essay on Operation Enduring Freedom » |
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| Essay on The Genocide in Rwanda |
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| The Genocide in Rwanda Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Politics. The genocide of 1994 was an apocalyptic event that shattered Rwandan society. Its roots lie in the twists and turns of Rwandan history since the colonial era, in particular the formation of two political groupings that would meet in war in 1990: the Young Turk movement of Tutsi Rwandans in exile; and a clan-based Hutu oligarchy that controlled the Rwandan - state under President Juvenal Habyarimana - the so-called akazu. Understanding the political history of these two groups, and the dynamics of their political and military struggle in the early 1990s, helps explain the genocide and is the first step toward explaining the failure of international peacemaking efforts to prevent its occurrence. The civil war... |
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| Essay on The Genocide in Rwanda » |
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