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|  Essay on The Development of Jet Aircraft |
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| The Development of Jet Aircraft Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Aviation & Space. The basic constituents of the jet engine were patented in 1930 by the British aeronautical engineer Frank Whittle (1907-96). A British aircraft with a Whittle engine successfully flew in May 1941. German engineers patented an engine in 1935, but work on jets proceeded much more quickly in Germany than in Britain, and the first turbojet-powered aircraft, a Heinkel He-178, flew in August 1939, a month before the start of World War II. At first Adolf Hitler was a strong supporter of developing jet technology, but during the course of the war, acting on the advice of Luftwaffe chief Hermann Goring, he diverted production from jets to increasing the output of greater numbers... |
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| Free Essay on Aviation & Space» |
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| Essay on The Saturn V Rocket |
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| The Saturn V Rocket Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Aviation & Space. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy declared the goal of sending American astronauts to the Moon. In order to reach this goal, engineers needed to build a rocket far larger than any that had ever been constructed. Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had the task of designing the rocket that would do the job. The Saturn rocket family was the result of that work. The Saturn V rocket was the largest member of the family and was the culmination of von Braun's life's work. It was 364 feet tall and had a diameter of 33 feet. When fully loaded, it weighed in excess of 6 million pounds. It could carry a payload of over 250,000 pounds to Earth orbit and over 100,000 pounds to the Moon... |
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| Free Essay on Aviation & Space» |
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| Essay on The Glider of Abbas ibn Firnas |
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| The Glider of Abbas ibn Firnas Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Aviation & Space. Because experimental notes and laboratory logs that might detail Abbas ibn Firnas's speculative process in designing his flight mechanism have never been recovered, contemporary aeronautic design engineers, interested in explicating how ibn Firnas achieved controlled flight for an extended period of time, begin with ibn Firnas's observation of a botched flight in 852. That flight device lacked any way for the pilot-rider to actually control the arc and trajectory of the flight and made inevitable a difficult and potentially life-threatening landing. Indeed, eyewitness accounts describe it as a breathtaking free fall rather than a flight. Ibn Firnas's glider, on the other hand... |
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| Free Essay on Aviation & Space» |
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| Essay on Cell Biology and Medicine |
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| Cell Biology and Medicine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Health. Virchow's discovery of the connection between cancer and cells helped found a new type of medicine. Within a few years, the transformation of medicine into a modern science would be complete with the discovery that bacteria--also cells--were responsible for a wide range of epidemics such as cholera, tuberculosis, and the plague. Two major figures in this revolution were the German physician Robert Koch (1843-1910) and the French scientist Louis Pasteur (1822-95). The idea that diseases were caused by tiny parasites had a historical precedent. In 36 BC, the Roman scholar Marcus Terrentius Varro had warned people not to build their homes too close to swamps because such areas "breed certain minute creatures... |
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| Free Essay on Biology & Evolution» |
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| Essay on Rudolf Virchow, the Father of Cell Biology |
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| Rudolf Virchow, the Father of Cell Biology Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Biology & Evolution. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) was one of the greatest physicians of the 19th century. Upon graduation, Virchow held a double professorship at the University of Berlin and the Charite hospital. There, he treated patients and carried out research related to fundamental questions about cells. In 1858, he took Schleiden and Schwann's observations a step further with his statement of the doctrine Omnis cellula e cellula, "Every cell originates from a similar, previously existing cell." Today, this is such a basic principle of biology that it seems obvious, but at the time many scientists believed that cells could somehow arise by themselves, in a process called spontaneous... |
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| Free Essay on Biology & Evolution» |
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| Essay on The Discovery of Cells |
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| The Discovery of Cells Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Biology & Evolution. In 1833, Professor Johannes Moller (1801-58) moved from the city of Bonn, Germany, to take up a new position at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Until his death 25 years later, he carried out research into human senses and the nervous system while training an entire generation of young scientists. In the early 19th century, Germany, England, and a few other European countries were the world's hotspots of scientific discovery. Several of Moller's students went on to revolutionize--and in some cases create--the modern fields of cell biology, embryology, and medicine. When Moller moved to Berlin, he brought along a talented student named Theodor Schwann (1810-82). One day at the... |
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| Free Essay on Biology & Evolution» |
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| Essay on Fossils and Fossilization |
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| Fossils and Fossilization Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Biology & Evolution. Fossils are the physical evidence of organisms that have been dead for many years, past the normal duration of decomposition; fossilization is the set of processes by which they are formed. When volcanic or other rocks erode, water carries sediment to the continental shelves at the edges of the oceans, where it accumulates in layers called strata. This process is occurring right now. As silt and mud layers are buried, the increased temperature and pressure transforms them into sedimentary rocks. The layers in sedimentary rocks are visually distinguishable. Clay particles become shale, while sand particles become sandstone. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks, since dead plants... |
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| Free Essay on Biology & Evolution» |
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| Essay on Racial Diversity |
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| Racial Diversity Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Biology & Evolution. It has always been difficult to either classify or explain the diversity of human appearance. Before the development of Mendelian genetics, it was not clear to most observers that racial characteristics passed from one generation to another without environmental modification. From Greek philosophers such as Aristotle to 18th-century scientists such as the botanist Karl von Linne (Linnaeus) and the anatomist naturalist J. F. Blumenbach, the prevailing idea was that dark skin was caused by the bright sunlight of tropical regions, and that black people would become lighter and white people darker within a few generations of moving to a new climatic region. Furthermore, as reflected in religious beliefs... |
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| Free Essay on Biology & Evolution» |
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| Essay on Computers and Biology |
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| Computers and Biology Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Computer Technologies. The revolution in biology that started in the second half of the 20th century has depended on an equally amazing revolution in computers in a significant way. It is not surprising that the two fields have found a great deal of overlap. First, many of today's experiments produce huge amounts of data that cannot be captured or stored without computers. Analyzing it may involve comparing billions of pieces of information to billions of others-- also impossible without the help of machines... |
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| Free Essay on Computer Science & Technology» |
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| Essay on The Microchip |
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| The Microchip Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Computer Technologies. Jack St. Clair Kilby's solution to the miniaturization problem that faced the electronics industry in the late 1950's was both elegant and far-reaching. Kilby's role in the development of the integrated circuit, or microchip, is usually presented as conceptual, but he also worked on the prototypes of actual chips at Texas Instruments (TI) in the late 1950's and early 1960's. His starting point was TI's method of making transistors. Early transistors were of the point-contact type: negatively charged and positively... |
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| Free Essay on Computer Science & Technology» |
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| Essay on The Success of the iPod |
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| The Success of the iPod Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Computer Technologies. Although digital audio players (usually called MP3 players) had existed before the iPod, they generally had little memory, confusing controls, limited features, and a clunky appearance. MP3 players were not regarded as a serious substitute for a portable cassette or CD player. When Steve Jobs introduced the iPod in 2001, he gave the world an MP3 player that was both elegant and functional. The smooth white plastic surface of its case had a sensuous quality that fairly begged to be handled... |
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| Free Essay on Computer Science & Technology» |
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| Essay on The Microprocessor |
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| The Microprocessor Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Computer Technologies. The microprocessor is the key technology of the digital revolution, much as the steam engine was central to the Industrial Revolution. The microprocessor is an outgrowth of the integrated circuit, which in turn was a response to the "tyranny of numbers" that developed as transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Because discrete transistors were so small, it was very difficult to solder all of them into a circuit board properly. If the transistors could all be made together on a single wafer of silicon along with the necessary... |
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| Free Essay on Computer Science & Technology» |
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| Essay on Magnetic Core Memory |
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| Magnetic Core Memory Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Computer Technologies. In the early 1950's, Jay Wright Forrester discovered and developed magnetic core memory, which was used in the first parallel digital computers. Core memories increased the speed and reliability of computers compared to the analog computers of the 1940's. Each magnetic core memory unit had three sets of magnetic wires, called the X, Y, and Z wires. The wires allowed the core to be magnetically switched from a clockwise to a counterclockwise field, which relates to the on-off memory... |
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| Free Essay on Computer Science & Technology» |
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| Essay on Otto Hahn and the Discovery of Nuclear Fission |
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| Otto Hahn and the Discovery of Nuclear Fission Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Energy & Fuel. Born into the family of a Frankfurt glazier, Otto Hahn studied chemistry at the University of Marburg, earning his doctorate in 1901. He served briefly in the military, then taught at Marburg before moving to London in 1904. Here he worked at University College with the British scientist Sir William Ramsay. The two men studied phenomena associated with radioactivity, and, in the course of this work, Hahn discovered the existence of a new radioactive substance, radiothorium, a breakthrough that, with Ramsay's help, earned Hahn a post on the faculty of the University of Berlin. Before beginning his duties there, Hahn worked briefly with the British physicist Ernest Rutherford... |
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| Free Essay on Energy & Fuel» |
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| Essay on Fossil Fuel Reserves |
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| Fossil Fuel Reserves Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Energy & Fuel. Estimates in 2005 placed the amount of fossil fuels consumed to that point at approximately 1.1 trillion barrels of oil, meaning that nearly half of the total reserves had been used up. At a rate of 83 million barrels per year, this predicts that the remaining fuel will last until approximately 2036. Given that fossil fuel consumption has been increasing steadily over the last 50 years, these predictions could be overestimates. For example, in June 2008, the U.S. Energy Information Administration projected energy consumption to increase by 57 percent from 2004 to 2030. The most credible predictions of fossil fuel expenditures and lifetime were made by the Shell Oil geophysicist... |
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| Free Essay on Energy & Fuel» |
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| Essay on The Development of Nuclear Power |
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| The Development of Nuclear Power Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Energy & Fuel. Strictly speaking, nuclear power should not figure at all in a work devoted primarily to the first half of the twentieth century, for the world's first commercial nuclear power station - at Calder Hall in Britain - did not become operational until 1956. Nevertheless, its technological roots stretch well back into the period of our present concern and it is most intimately connected with the Manhattan Project which produced the atom bomb that so abruptly terminated the Second World War. Equally, were we to trace nuclear power back to its ultimate scientific origins we would be guilty not of going beyond the end of our present period but of anticipating its start. The key... |
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| Free Essay on Energy & Fuel» |
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| Essay on Natural Power Resources |
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| Natural Power Resources Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Energy & Fuel. In a sense all power is natural, in that it is obtained by harnessing the resources of nature. Coal and oil, for example, have lain buried in the earth's crust for many millions of years. They can be burned to produce heat which in turn can be converted to mechanical energy, as in steam-engines and internal combustion engines. Such engines can, in turn, be used to generate electricity in accordance with well-understood natural laws. Even uranium, the newest large-scale source of power, is natural in that it is just as much a mineral as oil or coal. Today, however, natural power is generally taken to comprise the power of the sun, the tides, rivers, wind, the heat of the earth's crust, and so on... |
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| Free Essay on Energy & Fuel» |
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| Essay on Natural Gas Usage |
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| Natural Gas Usage Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Energy & Fuel. In America the gas industry developed very differently from that in Europe. Initially, it was quick to adopt the coal carbonization process: the streets of Baltimore were lit by coal gas as early as 1816. But in areas where natural gas was available -- it was often encountered at quite shallow levels in the search for petroleum -- it was piped away for domestic and industrial use. Although attempts to utilize natural gas in America can be traced back at least to 1821, the first commercial success seems to have been at Titusville in 1873. Thereafter, the natural-gas industry expanded enormously and transmission over long distances became commonplace. Between 1935 and 1950 sales of natural gas... |
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| Free Essay on Energy & Fuel» |
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| Essay on Genetic Issues in the 21st Century |
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| Genetic Issues in the 21st Century Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Genetics. Genetics and genomics are central to a growing number of emerging practices across arenas as diverse as medicine, criminology, special education, employment, and informatics. Two of the most salient of these issues will illustrate how genetic theories apply to concrete social problems. Predictive screening and testing is perhaps the most tangible form genetics takes in the lives of individuals. These tests identify genetic mutations or information that is presumed to meaningfully predict a person's "risk" for disease. For example, pregnant women now routinely test their fetuses for various mutations and make deliberate decisions about which babies to have and not have. Women identified... |
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| Free Essay on Genetics & Genetic Engineering» |
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| Research Paper on Eugenics in America |
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| Eugenics in America Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Argumentative Topics. Eugenics is a broad term for policies aimed at the genetic improvement of the human race. Whereas most people are familiar with the eugenic practices of the Nazi Party, fewer realize the widespread international use of such practices, both before and after World War II. Derived from the Greek word meaning "well born," eugenics falls into two types: positive and negative. Positive eugenics is encouraging people with "good genes" to reproduce, whereas negative eugenics refers to discouraging reproduction by people with "bad genes." Often these policies are couched in terms of the "fit" and the "unfit." Unlike social Darwinism, which argues that social systems will, if left alone, provide... |
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| Free Essay on Genetics & Genetic Engineering» |
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| Argumentative Paper on Genetic Engineering in Humans |
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| Genetic Engineering in Humans Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Genetic Engineering. Genetic theorists assert that we can explain human characteristics, health, and/or behavior, to a significant degree, by the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence present in the genes of a person or of a group of people presumed to have meaningful genetic similarity. Since the beginning of the 20th century, when they rediscovered the earlier published work of Czechoslovakian monk Gregor Mendel, Western scientists have agreed that recessive and dominant factors of heredity govern numerous human traits (such as eye color). Two contributing alleles determine these traits, one from each parent, with dominant factors always physically expressed, as they have the power to mask... |
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| Free Essay on Genetics & Genetic Engineering» |
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| Argumentative Paper on Genetic Engineering Pros and Cons |
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| Genetic Engineering Pros and Cons Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Genetic Engineering. Genetic engineering is the concept of taking genes and segments of DNA from one individual or species (e.g., a spider) and inserting them into another individual or species (e.g., a goat). The biotechnology of genetic engineering has created a broad spectrum of ethical issues, ranging from genetically modified organisms, as in crops, to animal and human cloning, genetic screening for diseases, prenatal and preimplantation diagnosis of human embryos, xenotransplantation, and gene replacement therapy. Genetic engineering presents an exciting range of possibilities. For example, genetic engineering can give plants and crops desirable traits, such as drought resistance... |
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| Free Essay on Genetics & Genetic Engineering» |
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| Essay on The Rise of Genetic Engineering |
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| The Rise of Genetic Engineering Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Genetics & Genetic Engineering. Reading the genetic code set the stage for learning to write in it through genetic engineering: a set of powerful new tools to study and manipulate organisms' genes. Genetic engineering allows scientists to alter the DNA of a cell, plant, or animal in deliberate ways for research purposes, so that they can observe how changes in genes affect an organism. This is called reverse genetics because it is the opposite of the classical method of starting with a phenotype and looking for the gene that is responsible (forward genetics). By the end of the 20th century, it had become routine to make targeted changes in plants, animals, and human cell lines. Genetic engineering also led... |
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| Free Essay on Genetics & Genetic Engineering» |
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| Essay on Global Climate |
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| Global Climate Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Geography. The global climate system is complex and dynamic, greatly complicating attempts to evaluate or predict long-term alterations to Earth's climate. However, physical measurements of specific parameters can be made, rendering climate change quantifiable. Climate is a general characterization of long-term weather and environment conditions for a specific location. Several major factors influence climate in a given region, including latitudinal position, the distribution of land and water, and elevation. Ocean currents... |
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| Free Essay on Geography» |
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| Essay on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
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| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Geography. A geographical information system (GIS) is, fundamentally, a map that can be queried. It is what a map becomes when computer technology enables users to make individualized choices relating to its mode of representation and the data upon which it is based. In an electronic, digital world, it becomes possible to access, represent, and analyze information in multiple, integrated ways, and geographical information systems bring these options to bear on spatial and related data. Complex relationships... |
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| Free Essay on Geography» |
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| Essay on Development of the Sextant |
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| Development of the Sextant Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Geography. The sextant was the chief navigational tool for maritime transport for two centuries. It is an ingenious device for finding one's position on the sea by measuring the angle of a celestial body above a horizontal line of reference. The measurement of the angle and the elapsed time is used to chart a position line on a nautical chart. For the entire history of ocean travel, mariners have needed an accurate method to locate their positions by the only constant observable to them--the stars. With advances in maritime science... |
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| Free Essay on Geography» |
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| Essay on Coastal Erosion |
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| Coastal Erosion Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Geography. In 1985, Bird reported on a project undertaken by the International Geographical Union's Commission on the Coastal Environment: this found 70 per cent of the world's sandy coastline undergoing net erosion. As 60 per cent of the global population (or nearly 3 billion people) live in the planet's coastal zones, and two-thirds of the world's cities with populations of 2.5 million or more are located in open coast or estuarine locations (Viles and Spencer 1995), Bird's (1985) statistic identifies a major environmental issue... |
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| Free Essay on Geography» |
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| Essay on Floods |
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| Floods Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Geography. Of all the 'natural' hazards to which humans are exposed, floods are probably the most widespread and account for most damage and loss of life (Alexander 1993). Floods also appear to have a special impact on their victims, instilling a fear of the consequences that often exceeds their actual impacts (Green and Penning-Rowsell 1989). They also can have serious secondary impacts on the economy of the regions affected, and they can markedly influence agriculture in disaster-affected areas for some time after the event has passed... |
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| Free Essay on Geography» |
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| Essay on Military-Industrial Complex |
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| Military-Industrial Complex Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Industry & Technology. In his 1961 farewell address, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of the dangers of the military-industrial complex. While arguing for its necessity, he also stated that we must guard against its potential dangers to our democratic processes and liberties. This was not the first use of the term military-industrial complex. Charles Trevelyan of the United Kingdom first used it in 1914, but with Eisenhower's warning it became part of general political discourse. The military-industrial complex refers to the combination of two powerful entities in U.S. society. The first is the military establishment. The federal government spends billions of dollars annually keeping millions... |
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| Free Essay on Industry & Technology» |
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| Argumentative Essay on Automation: Technology Change and Its Consequences |
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| Automation: Technology Change and Its Consequences Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Argumentative Topics. Automation is the substitution of self-operating machinery or electronics for manual or animal effort to support or control a broad spectrum of processes. Examples range from automatic teller machines, to robotic farm tractors, to securities transactions, and beyond. Henry Ford's use of the conveyor belt to produce Model T Fords in the early 1900s was a precursor to today's assembly lines that feature robotic assembly stations and automated inventory control, testing, and defect detection, all of which can be quickly reconfigured to accommodate variations of car models. Information technology is a form of automation used to process data, transmit information... |
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| Free Essay on Industry & Technology» |
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| Essay on Industrial Production of Aluminum from Bauxite Ore |
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| Industrial Production of Aluminum from Bauxite Ore Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Industry & Technology. High-grade deposits of bauxite, containing up to 60 percent aluminum oxide, are found most abundantly in Australia, Brazil, and China. Aluminum oxide first has to be extracted from its ore, and then the Hall-Heroult electrolytic process is used to refine the pure metal. Bauxite ore, usually obtained by open-pit (surface) mining, is crushed and washed, and then mixed with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) at high temperature. The aluminum oxide dissolves while the other components remain as solids and are removed by filtration. Seed crystals are added to precipitate the aluminum oxide. After heating in a kiln to evaporate the water, a white powder... |
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| Free Essay on Industry & Technology» |
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| Essay on Paper and Papermaking |
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| Paper and Papermaking Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Industry & Technology. Both silk and wood had major drawbacks as writing surfaces. Silk, which was used for most official documents, was expensive and fragile. The brushed ink strokes also bled through it, so only one side of the silk sheets could be used. Bamboo and wooden strips were more substantial, but heavy and bulky. For longer texts, books were created by binding or strapping together a series of strips so each could be unfolded as the reader came to the bottom of the previous strip. Wood strips were used for the majority of ordinary messages. Clearly there was a need for another medium for the written word. It must be noted that Chinese did have a word for paper, chi, before Cai Lun's invention of... |
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| Free Essay on Industry & Technology» |
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| Essay on The Importance of Metal and Metalworking |
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| The Importance of Metal and Metalworking Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Industry & Technology. The importance of metal and metalworking technologies to the development of complex urban societies is difficult to estimate in any objective manner. That said, there is no question that metal, particularly iron, was an integral part of the material culture of almost all complex and many other societies in antiquity. This fact is illustrated by the ancient Greek poet Hesiod, who acknowledged and exploited the cultural importance of metals by using them as metaphors in his view of the human condition. In Works and Days, written in the early first millennium BCE, Hesiod described the ages of gods and men from the original paramount Age of Gold down through... |
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| Free Essay on Industry & Technology» |
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| Essay on The Importance Of The Steam Engine |
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| The Importance Of The Steam Engine Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Inventions & Inventors. The age of industrialization was opened by a single new technology--the steam engine, which provided the power source for the innovations that followed. The principle of steam power was not new. It had been known in the ancient world and had long been the subject of study and experimentation. No single person invented the steam engine, although popular culture in English-speaking countries credits James Watt, while the French credit Denis Papin. In reality, the steam engine was the culmination of the work of many people. The first effective machines were developed in the 1770s by Watt, a maker of precision instruments for scientists at the University of Glasgow. The initial use... |
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| Free Essay on Inventions & Inventors» |
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| Essay on Medieval Inventions |
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| Medieval Inventions Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Inventions & Inventors. Economically and socially the final two centuries of the Middle Ages were a difficult time, marked by a cooler climate than that of the twelfth century. The cooling resulted in frequent famines; the bubonic plague broke out in the fourteenth century for the first time in western Europe in eight hundred years; and countries were torn by peasant unrest and governmental tyranny, as seen for example among the men who ruled the city-states of the Italian Renaissance. And yet, alongside the social and institutional innovations already noted, it was also a remarkably inventive period in the material realm. Eyeglasses, which developed out of experiments with optics, first made their appearance... |
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| Free Essay on Inventions & Inventors» |
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| Essay on The Pinhole Gamma-Ray Camera |
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| The Pinhole Gamma-Ray Camera Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Inventions & Inventors. Roscoe Koontz and fellow researchers at Atomics International in Canoga Park, California, sought to produce technology that made nuclear reactors safer. As part of his ongoing research in nuclear safety and development, Koontz designed a pinhole gamma-ray camera, an imaging device capable of detecting the distribution of radionuclides (often referred to as radioactive isotopes), atoms with unstable nuclei that emit gamma rays, which make up the ionizing radiation produced by nuclear reactions. Only gamma rays traveling in a parallel direction to the device are filtered through the camera. Although Koontz originally designed his camera to detect radiation in nuclear... |
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| Free Essay on Inventions & Inventors» |
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| Essay on Von Kleist's Leiden Jar |
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| Von Kleist's Leiden Jar Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Inventions & Inventors. Eighteenth century "electricians," searching for ways to increase the electrical charge they could generate from frictional sources, hoped to create a device to conserve significant quantities of electricity to be used at a later time. Ewald Georg von Kleist's Leiden jar accomplished just this. It was a simple device, originally a narrow-necked glass jar half-filled with water (though it was soon found that such thin-necked glasses were easily broken by the powerful electric shocks generated). The inside and outside surfaces of the jar were coated with a conductive metal foil. The glass served as the dielectric (a nonconductive material), though initially it was believed that it was... |
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| Free Essay on Inventions & Inventors» |
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| Essay on The Atlantic Cable |
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| The Atlantic Cable Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Inventions & Inventors. William Thomson's investigations of the transmission of signals in submarine cables, initially carried out in the laboratory, revealed that the crucial technical problem blighting the technology arose from the variations in the quality of supposedly pure copper cables. In order to introduce better quality control, it was necessary to introduce more accurate measuring devices into the production and deployment of such cables; the key invention that facilitated the latter part of this prospectus was Thomson's marine mirror galvanometer, which accompanied him on his expeditions aboard cable-laying ships in 1858. Thomson eventually took charge of the first attempt to lay an Atlantic... |
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| Free Essay on Inventions & Inventors» |
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| Essay on Chemistry and DNA |
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| Chemistry and DNA Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Physics & Chemistry. DNA, RNA, and proteins are fundamental units of life, but the atoms that make them up are even more basic. As any engineer knows, the function of a machine depends on the way its parts are assembled, and the same is true for molecules. By the mid-20th century it had become clear that understanding genes would require learning about their chemical makeup and physical structure. Chemists knew that DNA consisted of a sugar called deoxyribose, plenty of phosphate atoms, and the four nucleotide bases. Each component has a particular shape and chemistry that determine how it snaps onto the others. With very simple molecules, it is sometimes possible to guess how the parts fit together just by looking... |
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| Free Essay on Physics & Chemistry» |
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| Essay on Synthetic Diamonds |
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| Synthetic Diamonds Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Physics & Chemistry. High-pressure, high-temperature presses are needed to squeeze and press carbon into the molecular arrangement of diamonds, as well as into the formation of other hard, crystalline materials, such as cubic boron nitride. H. Tracy Hall's tetrahedral press contained four movable press members, or anvils, while his cubic press contained six press members. Forward and reverse thrusting forces were provided by hydraulic rams. In Hall's presses, a hydraulic ram was connected directly to each movable press member. Hall's belt and cubic press devices have been successfully used in numerous commercial applications, while his tetrahedral press has mainly been employed in experimental, laboratory... |
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| Free Essay on Physics & Chemistry» |
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| Essay on Synthetic Fertilizers |
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| Synthetic Fertilizers Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Physics & Chemistry. Three elements are required in large quantities for growth of agronomic, vegetable, horticultural, and other crops: potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N). Extensive deposits of phosphate rock and potash occur worldwide and provide adequate sources of phosphorus and potassium, respectively. A century ago, the largest nitrogen source for fertilizer manufacture occurred in enormous bird guano deposits (saltpeter, NaNO3) located along the coast of Chile. These deposits had accounted for more than 60 percent of the world's supply for most of the nineteenth century. This fertilizer material was, however, rapidly disappearing and had its share of practical drawbacks to its use. During the period... |
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| Free Essay on Physics & Chemistry» |
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| Essay on Carborundum and Graphite |
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| Carborundum and Graphite Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Physics & Chemistry. Edward Goodrich Acheson developed very high-temperature electric furnaces that he used in novel ways to create some very important industrial products, some of which were created by accident. In the 1880's, he was trying to create artificial diamonds by heating various carbon compounds to a very high temperature. In 1891, he discovered carborundum, mistakenly believing that he had created an alumina compound when in fact he had created silicon carbide. Silicon carbide occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite (named for its discoverer, French chemist Henri Moissan). Silicon carbide is an extremely useful abrasive, and it is synthesized from inexpensive raw materials... |
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| Free Essay on Physics & Chemistry» |
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| Essay on The Manhattan Project |
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| The Manhattan Project Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Physics & Chemistry. In 1939, two years before America's entrance into World War II, the physicists Albert Einstein, Leo Szilard, and Eugene Wigner wrote a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, warning of the danger of "a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium" that could lead to "extremely powerful bombs of a new type." The letter strongly recommended that the United States acquire uranium ore. In response, Roosevelt set up a secret commission to investigate possible military uses of these scientific developments. On December 6, 1941, the day before Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt ordered the establishment of an atomic bomb project. The physicist Enrico Fermi set up a group at the University... |
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| Essay on Radiotelephony |
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| Radiotelephony Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Radio & Television. When Guglielmo Marconi first invented radio, he thought of it primarily in terms of wireless telegraphy, turning the transmitter on and off to create controlled bursts of static. In fact, his technical adviser, John Ambrose Fleming, told him that this was the only way one could operate a radio. It would use Morse code to send messages for individuals, generally within the government or businesses, which would have to be decrypted at the receiving end and delivered by messenger boys to the intended recipients. However, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden could see another paradigm. If one could make the transmitter run continuously to create a carrier wave, one could impose a complex signal upon it. Such a signal... |
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| Free Essay on Radio & Television» |
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| Essay on The All-Electric Television |
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| The All-Electric Television Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Radio & Television. Philo T. Farnsworth was the first person to solve the problem of coordinating electronically scanned television cameras and electronically scanned television receivers that produced clear moving images. As his ideas evolved, a basic television camera came to consist of a lens, a system of mirrors, camera tubes, and complex electronic circuits. By scanning objects and dividing images into hundreds of thousands of parts (pixels), television cameras transform light from objects or scenes into streams of electrical impulses. Each pixel is an electrical signal that measures the amount of light recorded at a particular location. At the same time that television video signals are... |
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| Essay on Magnetic Tape Recording |
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| Magnetic Tape Recording Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Radio & Television. Marvin Camras was not the first person to invent a technique for sound recording. His magnetic wire recorder, first designed in the late 1930's and accepted for patent in 1944, drew upon the work of earlier inventors, especially Valdemar Poulsen. Camras's unique contribution made the process easier, better, and ultimately more accessible. His wire recorder used a magnetic recording head that surrounded the wire, preventing tangling and providing a superior sound. Camras went on to improve his original invention by creating magnetic coated tape that could be used instead of wire. Coated magnetic tape became the medium of choice for professional music and film recording equipment as well... |
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| Free Essay on Radio & Television» |
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| Essay on The Record Disc |
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| The Record Disc Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Radio & Television. Emile Berliner patented the flat record disc, his production methods, and the gramophone in 1887. Numerous improvements followed in subsequent years. The patent protected Berliner's design of etched grooves of a uniform depth, cut laterally, resulting in clearer sound production, durability, and increased volume compared to Thomas Alva Edison's cylinder recordings. The gramophones of 1887-1888 recorded on a polished glass plate, later on zinc. The plates were covered with a thin coating of beeswax diluted by benzene. The recording grooves formed tracks that guided the sound box's movement across the record. The sound box holds the gramophone needle in place at about a 60-degree angle... |
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| Essay on The Mail-a-Voice Recorder |
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| The Mail-a-Voice Recorder Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Radio & Television. While working for the Brush Development Company, Semi Joseph Begun developed an innovative concept in sound recording, resulting in his Mail-a-Voice recorder. The Brush Development Company manufactured and marketed Begun's invention. The recorder resembled a record player but was equipped with special features and used a special recording medium instead of the wire or tape normally used. The machine was equipped with a record/reproduce selector switch, an erase button for eliminating unwanted parts of a recording, and a pickup arm with special features, in addition to the standard power switch, volume control, and toggle switch for controlling the operation of the turntable. It also had... |
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