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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a suite of protocols, or a common language, allowing for the management of the transmission of information between interconnected computers and interconnected networks. Using TCP/IP, the network, rather than the individual computers that make up the network, becomes responsible for routing the packets of data. Designed primarily by Vinton Gray Cerf and Bob Kahn, the TCP/IP suite was established to determine a specific format for each packet of data that would be transmitted across the network as well as the protocols that determined how those packets would travel to their destination and be reconstructed once they arrived.

Although the protocols are generally thought of as one unit, the TCP and the IP serve different functions in the transmission of data across a network. IP's primary task is the actual routing of the packets from their point of origin to their destination. This task is accomplished by addressing and forwarding the individual packets. To accomplish this, each "end host," or computer hooked up to the Internet, is assigned a distinctive IP address. The IP address is a 32-bit number (which may, due to the demand for IP addresses, become a 128-bit number in the future) that identifies the network, subnetwork, the host, and the specific machine to which a packet should be routed. By way of comparison, the packet is an envelope containing a chunk of the data being sent and the IP address is the mailing address of the intended recipient.

The packets themselves are chunks of bytes that are created when the original file--which can be a Web page, an image, a sound, or a video--is broken up into smaller pieces. Each packet is made up of a header, which contains the IP address and routing information, and the body, which is the TCP data. The TCP data will later be reassembled to re-create the original file.

IP's service, by itself, is unreliable--in that it only makes sure that the packets get to the address. IP does nothing to guarantee the accuracy or validity of the contents when they arrive. IP does not protect against data corruption, lost packets, packets arriving in the wrong order, or packets being duplicated en route. Ensuring reliability is the role of TCP, which guarantees reliable delivery of data by monitoring and controlling the packets as they flow through the network. Upon reassembly, the packets are checked for errors and put into the proper order; if necessary, a call is sent back to the host machine to resend any lost packets. Once TCP has re-created the original file, it sends that file to the application program that requested the file from the original host.

If everything is working properly, in less than a second TCP delivers the file an application has requested from a remote host halfway around the globe. TCP is utilized by the Internet's hottest applications, ranging from the World Wide Web and e-mail to streaming media and online gaming.

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