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The age of industrialization was opened by a single new technology--the steam engine, which provided the power source for the innovations that followed. The principle of steam power was not new. It had been known in the ancient world and had long been the subject of study and experimentation. No single person invented the steam engine, although popular culture in English-speaking countries credits James Watt, while the French credit Denis Papin. In reality, the steam engine was the culmination of the work of many people. The first effective machines were developed in the 1770s by Watt, a maker of precision instruments for scientists at the University of Glasgow.

The initial use of the steam engine was in mining. Steam-powered pumps such as the Newcomen Engine could remove water from mine shafts that passed below the water table. This permitted much deeper mining, which in turn facilitated vastly greater coal extraction; the coal then could be burned to operate more steam engines. As coal became more plentiful and less expensive, and as steam engine technology proved successful, the engine found other applications. Steam-powered bellows at forges changed metallurgy, producing more and finer steel. Steam-powered mills for grinding grains or sugar freed millers from dependence upon rivers. Experiments applied steam power to transportation, including the first steam automobile (1769), steamboat (1783), and railroad locomotive (1804). The locomotive was the perfect symbol of the steam revolution because it was merely a giant steam engine with wheels attached. . . .

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