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When Guglielmo Marconi first invented radio, he thought of it primarily in terms of wireless telegraphy, turning the transmitter on and off to create controlled bursts of static. In fact, his technical adviser, John Ambrose Fleming, told him that this was the only way one could operate a radio.

It would use Morse code to send messages for individuals, generally within the government or businesses, which would have to be decrypted at the receiving end and delivered by messenger boys to the intended recipients. However, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden could see another paradigm. If one could make the transmitter run continuously to create a carrier wave, one could impose a complex signal upon it. Such a signal could even transmit such sounds as the human voice. His plan for doing so involved creating a special alternator that would turn at extremely high speeds, creating a high-frequency alternating current that would generate a continuous radio wave. However, every engineer that looked at his design told him it would fly apart the moment it was turned on.

Not to be discouraged, he created the next best thing. He took an Edison phonograph cylinder and milled it with ten thousand tiny horizontal grooves. When it was spun in his system, it would produce ten thousand sparks per second, a crude approximation of a carrier wave. On December 23, 1900, Fessenden climbed a tower on Cobb Island in the Potomac River and spoke into a microphone. The message was a simple one, a request for a weather report to be telegraphed back to him. The transmission was filled with static as a result of the crudity of the transmitter, but it was audible. Only in 1906 was Fessenden able to build the alternator he had envisioned, with the technical assistance of Ernst Alexanderson, a Swedish engineer who behaved more like an absentminded professor. On Christmas Eve of that year, Fessenden made a brief radio show that was heard up and down the Atlantic coast.

Unfortunately, Fessenden was unable to secure corporate backing. Commercial radio would remain wireless telegraphy for another decade, until a young executive at American Marconi by the name of David Sarnoff wrote a memo describing a "radio music box" with an infinite number of records, an appliance that ordinary people with minimal technical expertise would set up in their homes. By the time radio became a social force in the 1920's, the Alexanderson alternator was already giving way to enormous versions of the triode vacuum tube originally invented by Lee De Forest. In the later part of the twentieth century, semiconductor-based technology would replace vacuum tubes in transmitters.

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