 |
 | | |
|
|
| | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Custom essays, essay writing service, essay writing, custom papers,writing service, buy essays, order essay,
cheap essays, cheap research papers, controversial topics
Copyright © EssayEmpire.com, 2004-2012. All rights reserved
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
| You Are Here: Home > Essay Topics > Gender-Related Essays & Research Papers > Theories, Concepts, and Ideas |
Buy Custom Essays, Research Papers, Term Papers. Cheap Online Writing Services, Essay Papers for Sale
|
|
| |
|  Essay on Sexual Surrogates in Therapy |
|
| Sexual Surrogates in Therapy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Sexual surrogate partners are women and men with professional training who function in place of an individual's nonexistent sexual partner in the course of sex therapy using a short-duration, delimited-boundaries, psychosocial/ behavioral therapy model. As specified in the code of ethics of the International Professional Surrogates Association (IPSA), typically a surrogate partner will work with a client who is simultaneously being seen by a therapist, who directs the therapy as one member of the therapeutic triad of the client, therapist, and surrogate. As such, the therapist and surrogate consult prior to the surrogate's work with the client, and again later, as the surrogate is able to bring insights... |
|
| Essay on Sexual Surrogates in Therapy » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sexual Objects: Fetishism, Voyeurism, Pedophilia, and Necrophilia |
|
| Sexual Objects: Fetishism, Voyeurism, Pedophilia, and Necrophilia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1963 [1905]), coined the term sexual object, along with sexual aim, in order to discuss sexuality. According to Freud a sexual object is ''the person from whom sexual attraction proceeds,'' whereas sexual aim refers to ''the act toward which the instinct tends'' (Freud 1905, p. 1, 2). Thus, the sexual object of a heterosexual man could be a woman and his sexual aim could be the completion of intercourse by orgasm. Such an example is regarded by Freud as a basic norm, but he then expands on the many and varied types of sexual objects that range from the mundane to the bizarre... |
|
| Essay on Sexual Objects: Fetishism, Voyeurism, Pedophilia, and Necrophilia » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sexual Literacy |
|
| Sexual Literacy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. In the mid-1960s, Rob and Laura Petrie, the husband and wife characters featured on The Dick Van Dyke Show, slept in separate single beds. Such were certainly not the sleeping arrangements of most American couples, but it was all that was allowed to be shown on network TV. Twenty years later, when Sexually Speaking began airing on WYNY-FM in New York, words such as penis, vagina, and orgasm were regularly featured, and not too long after making its debut in the Big Apple in 1981, the program began airing nationally on the NBC radio network, in effect signaling that the curtain the media had thrown over the topic of sex had finally begun to lift. At the beginning of the twenty-first century... |
|
| Essay on Sexual Literacy » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sexual Instinct |
|
| Sexual Instinct Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. A sexual instinct is the innate drive to have sexual relations. In biological terms instincts are behaviors that occur as if natural and without teaching or model. They are species-specific practices for life and survival. How animals know, for example, what to eat or that they should migrate or hibernate for the winter, are instincts. That organisms seek sexual relations with one another is also an instinct believed to be founded on a compulsion to reproduce. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) thought sexual instincts comprised a part of what he called human will. Psychologists such as Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) also tried to understand how the sexual instinct relates to the mental and emotional... |
|
| Essay on Sexual Instinct » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sexual Fantasies |
|
| Sexual Fantasies Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. A sexual fantasy is an imagined sexual scene that intensifies emotional and physical excitement by helping people play out their most intense sexual desires, fears, or memories. Fantasies may remain as hidden impulses in the unconscious or be desires that are fully conscious and recognized. Some fantasies exist solely in the imagination, whereas others are incorporated into a person's actual sex life. Fantasies may determine one's preference for sexual partners or positions. They may play in the mind during sex to enhance an experience that is less stimulating than a fantasy. Fantasies often are assumed to be extraordinary scenes of socially prohibited behavior; however, their content ranges from the... |
|
| Essay on Sexual Fantasies » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sex and Satisfaction |
|
| Sex and Satisfaction Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Satisfaction occurs when a sexual encounter meets one's expectations, provides physical and/or emotional pleasure, relieves desire and/or tensions, or bolsters one's self-esteem. It results both from the individual's experience of positive emotions such as contentment, happiness, and ecstasy and from the interaction with a sexual partner as both a single act and as part of a long-term relationship. Satisfying sexual relationships are marked by good communication, compatibility, and care for both the relationship and one's partner. Although orgasm often is considered the ultimate sign of satisfaction, it is not the only indication because the entire sex act can be satisfying with or without orgasm. Satisfaction... |
|
| Essay on Sex and Satisfaction » |
|
| |
| Essay on Modern Views on Sadomasochism |
|
| Modern Views on Sadomasochism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Sadomasochism became a term of common use in the twentieth century. However, its origins in the complementary association of sadism with masochism were not greatly illuminated by later psychological theory. After World War II, with the defeat and exposure of Nazi Germany, there was recognition of how power could be sexualized and, indeed, how sadomasochism was institutionalized within the Third Reich's mass cruelties. Although sexual liberalization was embraced in the 1950s and 1960s in many European and North American nations, discussions and depictions of sadomasochism as a source of sexual pleasure remained marginalized as pornography, which often identified sadomasochism with the costumes... |
|
| Essay on Modern Views on Sadomasochism » |
|
| |
| Essay on Krafft-Ebing and Freud on Sadomasochism |
|
| Krafft-Ebing and Freud on Sadomasochism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Sadomasochism is a controversial subject. The psychological humiliation or physical punishment of a sexual partner through practices such as bondage and flagellation are commonly identified as characteristic of sadomasochism. As a concept that links sexual arousal to violence, the origins of sadomasochism as a term in modern Western culture are rooted in discussions of sadism and masochism that date back to late-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century medical discourse in its exploration of ''perversion'' as a deviation from normal sexual instinct. Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) were among the most important early commentators on ''sadomasochism''... |
|
| Essay on Krafft-Ebing and Freud on Sadomasochism » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sadism in Psychology |
|
| Sadism in Psychology Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Labeled as a paraphilia, or aberrant sexual pattern, by contemporary psychologists, sadism is difficult to define because of the wide range of practices attributed to it. To have a psychological diagnosis of sexual sadism, an individual must be recurrently aroused by or participating in sadistic sexual acts for at least six months, and his or her life must be hindered socially or occupationally by such behavior. Sexual sadism involves the dramatizing of power relationships by utilizing the roles of dominant and submissive characters. The roles reenact power scenarios such as master/slave or teacher/student in bouts of sexualized play. In modern S/M subculture the drama is governed by strict rules for safety... |
|
| Essay on Sadism in Psychology » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sexual Sadism |
|
| Sexual Sadism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Sexual sadism entails sexual behavior in which the mental and physical suffering of a victim is experienced as erotically pleasurable, according to the American Psychological Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV (1994). Often understood as a gendered masculine, the controlling active S of S/M(sadomasochism) has a long and controversial history surrounding its peculiar melding of pleasure and pain. In its many facets and expressions, sadism can be understood as pathological, normative, playful, theatrical, abusive, and/or patriarchal. Many theorists and schools of thought have shaped ideas and practices of sadism and its relation to its passive pole, masochism, by questioning... |
|
| Essay on Sexual Sadism » |
|
| |
| Essay on Psychiatry and Sexuality |
|
| Psychiatry and Sexuality Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalysis into the United States in 1909 through his lectures at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. By the 1940s, psychoanalysis and its proponents were having a powerful, controversial impact on American psychiatry. ''Dynamic'' therapies, such as psychoanalysis, focused on changing patients' motivations rather than on altering their cognitions or behavior. By the 1940s, dynamic therapies were prestigious and were greatly enhanced by the emigration to the United States of prominent German psychoanalysts fleeing Hitler. Dynamic therapies were treatments of choice for those who could afford them, but early on the medical tie between psychoanalysis and psychiatry was... |
|
| Essay on Psychiatry and Sexuality » |
|
| |
| Essay on The Pleasure Principle and Sexuality |
|
| The Pleasure Principle and Sexuality Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The most inclusive uses of pleasure (commonly conceived as the opposite of pain) are both critical to and distinct from its development in the technical vocabulary of psychoanalysis as well as its more recent proliferation in the fields of queer and sexuality studies. This entry describes pleasure as conceived in psychoanalytic approach and then considers how the term has morphed in feminist, gender, and queer studies. The colloquial connotations of pleasure include desirable, satisfaction, enjoyment, indulgence, delight, and gratification. Pleasure in its everyday use bears close relations to the realm of the sensual and sexual: To pleasure can mean to have sex with or to masturbate. The link... |
|
| Essay on The Pleasure Principle and Sexuality » |
|
| |
| Essay on 20th-Century Philosophy of Sexuality |
|
| 20th-Century Philosophy of Sexuality Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Several philosophical developments in the twentieth century provided radical critiques of the European and North American philosophical conception of subjectivity. Phenomenology allowed for the reconsideration of the traditional model of mind-body dualism in discussions of subjectivity. German philosopher Edmund Husserl's (1859-1938) Cartesian Meditations (1931) and Maurice Merleau-Ponty's (1908-1961) Phenomenology of Perception (1945) challenged the idea of a disembodied consciousness. Although neither of these philosophers made explicit reference to gender per se, the implications of their philosophical project for feminist thought and conceptions of subjectivity have been far reaching... |
|
| Essay on 20th-Century Philosophy of Sexuality » |
|
| |
| Essay on Modern Philosophy on Gender Roles |
|
| Modern Philosophy on Gender Roles Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The modern philosophical period (1550-1900) begins with French mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677), both of whom were influenced by the medieval period--philosophically, politically, and religiously. Descartes is noted for his extreme mind-body dualism. Spinoza is credited with providing a corrective to this dualism. Most significantly, Spinoza's emphasis on reason gave birth to Enlightenment philosophy. The modern period is characterized primarily by the emergence of the French and British Enlightenments, which emphasized the universality of reason. This emphasis laid the ground for universal human rights even as it contributed... |
|
| Essay on Modern Philosophy on Gender Roles » |
|
| |
| Essay on Medieval Philosophy on Gender Roles |
|
| Medieval Philosophy on Gender Roles Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The medieval philosophical period is marked by the intersection of the three monotheistic religions: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. As a result, philosophical motivations are often blurred with theological presuppositions. Generally speaking, Christian medieval philosophy, dominated by Saint Augustine (354-430) and Thomas Aquinas (1224-1275), and Jewish medieval philosophy, dominated by Maimonides (1135-1204) and Gersonides (1288-1344), adopts the Platonic/Aristotelian model of soul and body, which accorded a privileged status to rationality. As a result, the philosophers of the medieval period endorsed the respective views of male and female, men and women that correspond to that model... |
|
| Essay on Medieval Philosophy on Gender Roles » |
|
| |
| Essay on Polymorphous Perversity |
|
| Polymorphous Perversity Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Polymorphous perversity is a Freudian term that signifies a person's ability to experience sexual pleasure in a variety of ways in the entire body, beyond the narrow range of genital stimulation that is consonant with reproduction. Sigmund Freud argued in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) that polymorphous perversity is a rudimentary stage of childhood sexuality, infants and children can experience sexual pleasure anywhere on the body, and normal development eventually narrows that pleasure to the genital zones, with the aim of ensuring heterosexual sexual intercourse. Noting that barriers to unregulated sexual expression such as shame, disgust, and the sense of sexual morality are absent... |
|
| Essay on Polymorphous Perversity » |
|
| |
| Essay on Self-Identity and Constructing the Other |
|
| Self-Identity and Constructing the Other Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The distinction of self from other is a crucial way in which human beings try to make sense of the world, constructing self-identity by contrast to, and often at the expense of, those who are perceived to be different. Such processes of othering operate both within/between communities and within the individual psyche. The ego as described by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) depends complexly on the desire for, loss of, and identification with others whose qualities come to define--both through difference and similarity--the self. At the group level, othering operates in two main registers. On the one hand, groups construct as other to themselves entities thought to exist entirely outside their own social... |
|
| Essay on Self-Identity and Constructing the Other » |
|
| |
| Essay on Nymphomania |
|
| Nymphomania Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Nymphomania has been defined as excessive or out-of-control female sexual desire or behavior. In nineteenth century Western Europe and the United States, it was diagnosed as an organic disease and in the twentieth century as a mental disorder. Similar to other diseases located in the body, early treatments included bleeding, bed rest, restricted diets, but also confinement in a mental institution, and in rare cases, clitoridectomy or hysterectomy to remove the cause of sexual excitement. Twentieth century medical authorities also recommended psychoanalysis, hormone treatment, and tranquilizers. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the term could no longer be found in medical texts or in reference books... |
|
| Essay on Nymphomania » |
|
| |
| Essay on Narcissism and Sexuality |
|
| Narcissism and Sexuality Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The term narcissism, which is derived from the Greek myth of Narcissus, refers to self-love. It was used first by Paul Nacke in 1899 to describe a case of male autoerotic perversion in which an individual treated his own body as one might treat the body of a sexual partner. Freud first used the term in correspondence with Wilhelm Fleiss, also in 1899. In the course of his career Freud used the word to describe four different but related phenomena: narcissism as sexual perversion; narcissism as a stage of development between the autoerotic stage and the stage of object love; narcissism as a libidinal cathexis (or love of self) of the ego or, as Freud described it in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality... |
|
| Essay on Narcissism and Sexuality » |
|
| |
| Essay on Men's and Masculinity Studies |
|
| Men's and Masculinity Studies Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Early forays into the study of issues involving maleness and masculinity began in the 1970s. However, it was not until the 1980s that those issues were theorized consistently as parts of a coherent discipline called men's studies and courses in men's studies began to be offered at some academic institutions. As men's studies became more visible in theoretical writings and academic classrooms, writers focused on the relationship between men's studies and the larger field of gender studies. Two distinct branches of men's studies developed, both strongly influenced by the social and political consciousness-raising goals of gender studies and feminism. One branch of men's studies emerged as a reaction against... |
|
| Essay on Men's and Masculinity Studies » |
|
| |
| Essay on Melancholia and Sexuality |
|
| Melancholia and Sexuality Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Melancholia, from the Greek for ''black bile,'' is the more modern medical term for melancholy, which has for centuries referred to symptoms of sadness, listlessness, despair, sullenness, and gloom. Black bile was one of the four humors, or fluids, that ancient Greek and Middle Eastern physicians once believed governed the body's moods and dispositions. The others are blood, associated with courage and love; yellow bile, associated with anger and moral indignation; and phlegm, associated with calm detachment. In Elizabethan times melancholia was thought to indicate refinement, and Shakespeare's noble Hamlet is to this day the most famous melancholic in English literature. Melancholia was understood... |
|
| Essay on Melancholia and Sexuality » |
|
| |
| Essay on Madwoman in the Attic by Sandra Gilbert |
|
| Madwoman in the Attic by Sandra Gilbert Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Madwoman in the Attic (1979), Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar's critical study of British and American nineteenth-century women's literature, attempts to define a ''distinctively female literary tradition.'' The authors also try to unearth significant women's literature and rescue previously disregarded women's history. Gilbert and Gubar's analysis of authors such as Jane Austen, Emily and Charlotte Bronte, George Eliot, Mary Shelley, and Emily Dickinson signals a shift in literary studies from examining how male authors write female characters toward a definition of female authorship, or how women authors construct female characters. Gilbert and Gubar take into account the cultural... |
|
| Essay on Madwoman in the Attic by Sandra Gilbert » |
|
| |
| Essay on Literature and the Study of Lust |
|
| Literature and the Study of Lust Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Since the late 1960s the relations between gender and literature have produced a rich, new perspective in literary studies. Recognizing that Western cultures were biased toward the masculine and patriarchal, literary critics influenced by feminist insights devised modes of criticism that focused on images of women, critiques of patriarchy, the rediscovery of women authors and their works, examinations of the differences between masculine and feminine writing, and an acknowledgment of women's particular perspective on the world. Following feminist insights, lesbian, gay male, and more recently queer theorists have deployed similar critical questions and methods to examine images of lesbians... |
|
| Essay on Literature and the Study of Lust » |
|
| |
| Essay on The Concept of a Libido |
|
| The Concept of a Libido Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The term libido comes from the Latin word libere, meaning ''to please.'' Libido refers generally to desire or lust, or as a psychoanalytic term, to the drive or force that directs sexual instincts toward an object. Contemporary slang terms for libido would include such words and phrases as ''horny'' or ''hot for.'' The concept of a libido came from the ideas of nineteenth-century dynamic psychotherapy, which asserted that mental diseases were the effects of a balanced mental economy gone wrong. These doctors were interested in female hysteria, used hypnosis and rapport with the patient as modes of treatment, thought that individuals were comprised of conscious and unconscious minds as well as clusters... |
|
| Essay on The Concept of a Libido » |
|
| |
| Essay on Herrenfrage: The Question of Men |
|
| Herrenfrage: The Question of Men Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The term Herrenfrage (the question of men) was coined by historian Jo Ann McNamara as a counterpoint to the better-known Frauenfrage (the question of women) to express a crisis of masculinity in the Christian West at the end of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Expanding populations created new conditions, especially in urban centers, where the high status of the warrior class diminished and a higher premium was placed on learning, creating new professionals with high stakes in the leadership of all Church institutions. A campaign waged to extirpate marriage among secular priests and impose celibacy throughout the clergy met fierce resistance. The 1074 Roman Synod proclaimed the... |
|
| Essay on Herrenfrage: The Question of Men » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sex Guilt and Changing Social Attitudes |
|
| Sex Guilt and Changing Social Attitudes Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) of the early 1900s found that Americans could be grouped into three distinct moral perspectives. Approximately a quarter of the population viewed sex in the recreational sense and experience little or no guilt over sexual actions. Nearly a third of the people followed a traditional moral perspective, which emphasized sexual expression within a marriage. Guilt emerged for these individuals if they engaged in extramarital relations or nontraditional sexual behaviors. The remaining members of the American society subscribed to a relational moral perspective. This perspective permited a wider range of sexuality as long as it is contained within... |
|
| Essay on Sex Guilt and Changing Social Attitudes » |
|
| |
| Essay on Sexual Guilt and Self-Regulation |
|
| Sexual Guilt and Self-Regulation Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. According to developmental psychologist Suzanne Denham, guilt develops in a child during the middle childhood period between the ages of six to nine years. The child gradually gains an appreciation of the role of personal responsibility in one's actions. The socialization process takes place as children learn through instruction, observing the actions of others, the value systems of their parents, as well as from institutions and society. Self-regulation or the capacity to control one's actions without outside influence is a goal of socialization. The child who has been socialized monitors personal actions based upon standards that have been internalized into a conscience or ethical philosophy... |
|
| Essay on Sexual Guilt and Self-Regulation » |
|
| |
| Essay on The Development of Sex Guilt |
|
| The Development of Sex Guilt Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The interaction of guilt and sexuality was formally proposed in the theory of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). He identified the libido as the force of the sexual instinct and included both the physiological foundations of the drive state and mental representations of sexuality. At birth, the child functions under the pleasure principle, which is defined as the innate tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain. As a child observes or is taught that one must delay gratification or postpone pleasure, the reality principle takes over. In Freud's theory, beginning in infancy children are influenced by the sex drive and are capable of erotic activity. The focus of the erotic activity follows a developmental pattern that moves... |
|
| Essay on The Development of Sex Guilt » |
|
| |
| Essay on Guilt and Sexuality |
|
| Guilt and Sexuality Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Guilt is considered to be an emotion secondary to doing what is perceived as wrong. Because it is a painful emotion, people try to act in a fashion to avoid guilt feelings. Guilt is classified as a negative emotion as opposed to positive emotions such as joy and happiness. Once a person experiences guilt from some perceived wrongdoing, there is usually an attempt to reduce this negative emotional state. Sexuality has been linked to guilt through the association of certain behaviors as evil or sinful. The prohibitions range from the universal taboo of incest to condemnation of masturbation, premarital or extramarital affairs, and sexual fantasies. Throughout history cultures have institutionalized... |
|
| Essay on Guilt and Sexuality » |
|
| |
| Essay on Erotic Transference and Countertransference |
|
| Erotic Transference and Countertransference Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. The term transference was first used by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and his mentor Josef Breuer (1842-1925) in 1895 to describe a shift of feelings, desires, and modes of relating that were experienced in important past relationships, typically with one's mother and father, to another person. In psychoanalysis, the other person would be the psychoanalyst; in everyday life the shift could be to anyone with whom the subject has a significant relationship, including a colleague, supervisor, or spouse. Erotic transference is a shift to another person of erotic feelings, desires, and modes of relating, heterosexual or homosexual, that have some connection... |
|
| Essay on Erotic Transference and Countertransference » |
|
| |
| Essay on Desire as Historical Category |
|
| Desire as Historical Category Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sex and Gender Issues. Over the nineteenth- and early-twentieth centuries, European and American intellectuals posited desire as a sign of the cultural modernity of those regions. Followers of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan (1901-1981), for instance, believe that the psychoanalytic subject--the modern subject extraordinaire--arrived with the European Enlightenment. The philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) argued that the modern subject of desire superseded a premodern one as the emerging disciplinary technologies of the prison, school, clinic, and army conflated desire with identity. These models of modern desire thus spatialized time and mapped desire onto an imaginary Western European and North American world... |
|
| Essay on Desire as Historical Category » |
|
|
|
| see also: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
