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|  Essay on The Nature of the American Interest Group System |
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| The Nature of the American Interest Group System Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. When the French aristocrat Alex de Tocqueville toured the new American nation in the 1830s, he was amazed by the tendency of Americans to organize interest groups to advocate social change. Compared to the politics of "Old Europe," Americans preferred to use political organizations to pursue their social objectives. Modern comparative political science supports that conclusion. Among the peoples of developed nations, Americans belong to more interests groups than any other people and expect these groups to promote their interests and preferences for them. Those in the other developed nations tend to leave such tasks to political parties (Hrebenar 1997). The Encyclopedia... |
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| Essay on The Nature of the American Interest Group System » |
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| Essay on Interest Groups and Lobbying |
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| Interest Groups and Lobbying Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Virtually any discussion of contemporary American social issues has to be framed within the vast array of interest groups and lobbyists who advocate for or resist the adoption of new policies. Of all the nations in the world, interest groups and lobbyists are more important to the outcomes of social issues in the United States and especially in the contemporary political era. If one just follows the course of U.S. politics by reading the political articles in the New York Times or the Washington Post, one would quickly notice that almost every social issue is understood by an examination of the powerful interest groups involved in the political battles. The essence of the process of U.S. politics... |
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| Essay on Interest Groups and Lobbying » |
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| Essay on CEO Pay Controversy: Pros and Cons |
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| CEO Pay Controversy: Pros and Cons Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Top Executives Are Not Overpaid. This side of the argument is based on the premise that top executives are paid well, but not overpaid. Many people see CEO pay packages but do not look further to see that a CEO's pay is not the whole story. What are the factors that might support a high executive compensation package? Only Extreme Cases of Overpay Hit the Press. Proponents of the argument that top executives are not overpaid state that most of the complaints about executive compensation center around extreme cases of overpay, and such cases blind us to the fact that the majority of executives are paid fairly. One example of this is the case of Lee Raymond, former head of Exxon Mobile... |
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| Essay on CEO Pay Controversy: Pros and Cons » |
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| Essay on Executive Pay Controversy |
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| Executive Pay Controversy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The U.S. media have made much out of executive pay recently, which reflects a widespread popular dissatisfaction with the way companies compensate their top officers. Even as stock prices fell dramatically in the midst of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, for example, some chief executives' compensation remained stable or increased. Is it fair that, in 2009, following massive job cuts at companies such as Ford, Starbucks, Dow Chemical, Whirlpool, and American Express, the CEOs of these organizations received stock options valued at between $17 million (Whirlpool) and $53 million (Ford) (Schwartz 2010)? (Such options, of course, are only part of the standard executive compensation package... |
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| Essay on Executive Pay Controversy » |
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| Essay on State Reform Efforts in Election Campaign Financing |
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| State Reform Efforts in Election Campaign Financing Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. In the post-FECA and post-BCRA eras, state governments have also approved campaign finance initiatives. Trying to reduce the role of money in politics, a number of these initiatives sharply limit the amount of campaign contributions, and some states and localities have adopted public financing of campaign measures, which supporters call Clean Elections, Clean Money. Numerous states have launched and won approval of campaign finance reform initiatives. All states have reporting requirements, with two states mandating reports from political committees only and the rest requiring candidate and committee reports. The majority of states place candidate... |
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| Essay on State Reform Efforts in Election Campaign Financing » |
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| Essay on Recent Issues in Election Campaign Financing |
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| Recent Issues in Election Campaign Financing Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Triggering events in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections prepared Congress for another run at campaign finance reform. In 1996, Democratic fundraising practices, such as the "selling" of access to the White House, raised serious questions. In the 2000 election, both parties saw an increase in soft money contributions and the rise of issue-advocacy electioneering in which soft money is used to promote (primarily through media slots) issues that are near and dear to candidates while not endorsing the candidates themselves. The practice made many believe that the current campaign finance regulatory structure was ineffective. U.S. Senator John McCain (R-Arizona), in his run... |
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| Essay on Recent Issues in Election Campaign Financing » |
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| Essay on History of Election Campaign Financing |
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| History of Election Campaign Financing Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Campaign finance costs associated with running for political office have historically evoked concern. Most political candidates rely heavily on fundraising for travel, public appearances, support staff, and mass media advertising. Unless they have independent wealth, they must raise monies from individual, business, nonprofit, and other organizational sources. Jesse Unruh, speaker of California's state assembly from 1922 until 1987, said money is "the mother's milk of politics." Many would argue today that this has been true since the inception of the U.S. electoral process. As early as 1905, heavy corporate financing prompted Theodore Roosevelt to propose that candidates for federal... |
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| Essay on History of Election Campaign Financing » |
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| Essay on Corporate Governance and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act |
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| Corporate Governance and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. In 2000, as the stock market nose-dived and the Internet bubble burst, there was a general discontent among the investors regarding corporate governance. The following year saw a succession of corporate scandals that shocked the public. The biggest fraud involved a company called Enron. This company, based in Houston, Texas, dealt in electricity, natural gas, paper, and communications and claimed revenues of approximately $100 billion. At the time, the company employed approximately 20,000 people and was considered one of the most innovative companies in the nation. The performance of Enron was revealed to be a fraud, however--sustained by accounting gimmicks and... |
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| Essay on Corporate Governance and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act » |
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| Essay on Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Why They Fail |
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| Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Why They Fail Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The corporate form of business has been abused by managers many times, and a host of laws have been passed as a result. In the United States, each corporation must follow state incorporation laws in forming, running, and dissolving a corporation. Such laws stipulate basic governance structures to protect the interests of the shareholders. Additionally, many other laws have been instituted over the years to foster proper management of corporations. The history of these laws, passed long before corporate governance became a major topic of interest, were designed to prevent mismanagement and fraud by the managers. They can make fascinating reading. The stock market... |
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| Essay on Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Why They Fail » |
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| Essay on Corporate Governance |
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| Corporate Governance Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Corporate governance refers to the way a corporation is managed, administered, and controlled by the various stakeholders. The stakeholders such as the shareholders, boards of directors, and managers run the corporation and shape and execute the strategies and day-to-day operations. The other stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, and society at large are also interested in proper management of the corporation. The objectives of good corporate governance include economic efficiency and maximization of shareholder value and may include other goals as assigned by the regulators and the society. The term corporate governance appeared in 1981, and the topic has... |
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| Essay on Corporate Governance » |
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| Essay on The U.S. Economy on Steroids |
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| The U.S. Economy on Steroids Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Unlike the past three business cycle recessions (1981-1982, 1990-1991, 2001), the ongoing 2008-2010 consumer-led recession is distinguished by unprecedented levels of household debt, declining family income, and sharply reduced household wealth. Indeed, in the aftermath of these previous recessions, real household income increased significantly (18.5 percent)--from $41,724 in 1981 to $49,455 in 2001--whereas it declined slightly (-1.1 percent) to $48,931 in 2008. Similarly, housing prices rose during the last two recessions (5.6 percent in 1990-1991 and 6.3 percent in 2001), whereas they fell at least 12 percent in 2008 and over 10 percent in 2009. Overall, U.S. economic recoveries... |
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| Essay on The U.S. Economy on Steroids » |
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| Essay on Bank Loans and Household Debt in Postwar United States |
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| Bank Loans and Household Debt in Postwar United States Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The post-World War II growth in household consumer debt has been shaped by supply--changing bank underwriting standards--and demand--higher material standard of living financed by easy access to consumer credit. In terms of the former, the national system of community banks was more risk averse in its loan approval process. Traditionally, bank lending was based on the three Cs of consumer loan underwriting: character, collateral, and capacity. That is, the likelihood that the borrower would repay the loan (character), whether the borrower had sufficient assets to satisfy the loan in case of default (collateral), and whether the borrower possessed adequate income... |
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| Essay on Bank Loans and Household Debt in Postwar United States » |
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| Essay on Consumer Credit and Household Debt |
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| Consumer Credit and Household Debt Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The use of consumer credit has become an increasingly important feature of the U.S. postindustrial economy in general and household financial management in particular. In fact, the recent economic boom of the mid-2000s was primarily fueled by consumer spending that was financed by soaring levels of household borrowing. Although the Great Recession of 2008-2010 has generated intense debate over indolent consumption financed by household debt, Lendol Calder (2001) sagely cautions that each generation has issued moralistic warnings against increasing dependence on consumer credit. And they have typically resonated during major economic downturns in the 19th and 20th centuries... |
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| Essay on Consumer Credit and Household Debt » |
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| Essay on History of Bank Bailouts |
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| History of Bank Bailouts Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The modern history of bank bailouts in the United States began in the 1930s, after the stock market crash of 1929. When the stock market began crashing, large numbers of people began withdrawing their money from banks. This compromised the ability of banks to pay depositors who wanted to withdraw their money, since banks only keep a limited amount of cash on hand, instead maintaining the rest of their money in less liquid assets such as investments and insurance. The inability of banks to immediately pay every depositor who wanted to withdraw her money raised concerns about whether banks would be able to repay all of their depositors, which led to panicked "bank runs." In order to repay depositors... |
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| Essay on History of Bank Bailouts » |
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| Essay on Bank Bailouts |
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| Bank Bailouts Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. A "bank bailout" occurs when a regulatory or government authority provides assistance to a bank that is failing and on the path to insolvency. In a bank bailout, either a regulatory or government authority provides the funds needed for the bailout, or the authority orchestrates assistance of the failing bank by private parties, essentially rescuing or assisting a bank that would otherwise fail and go bankrupt. The people who have deposited their money with the bank (depositors) are otherwise likely to lose all of the money they thought they were depositing for safekeeping. Bank bailouts are conducted in one of two ways: Either a bank that is on the verge of insolvency is prevented from failing by an infusion... |
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| Essay on Bank Bailouts » |
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