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| You Are Here: Home > Essay Topics > Sociology Topics for Essays & Research Papers > Crime and Violence |
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|  Essay on Rape |
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| Rape Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Crime and Violence. The term rape has different meanings for different segments of the population. For example, within the field of psychology, the terms rape and sexual assault are often used interchangeably and encompass a range of nonconsensual acts from touching the breasts, buttocks, or genitals, to forced penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth, by a penis or an object. In this case, force can involve verbal coercion, threats, physical restraint, or violence. Although laws vary by state, the generally accepted legal definition of rape is an act of sexual intercourse carried out by force or coercion, or when the victim is unable to give consent. While many people think that stranger rape, the man hiding... |
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| Essay on Rape » |
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| Essay on Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) |
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| Battered Woman Syndrome Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Crime and Violence. Battered woman syndrome (BWS) is a psychiatric and legal term that refers to the constellation of psychological effects experienced by abused women and is intended to explain, for example, why women stay with their abusive partners and why abused women sometimes kill their abusive partners. The term emerged in the late 1970s and has been a source of legal and academic controversy ever since. BWS is considered as a subcategory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but is not listed by name in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. BWS is associated with the presentation of symptoms such as learned helplessness, re-experiencing trauma, generalized anxiety, lowered self-esteem... |
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| Essay on Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) » |
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| Essay on Juvenile Delinquency Debate |
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| Juvenile Delinquency Debate Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The role of the family as a social institution is essentially to prepare children for adult- hood. To accomplish this task, the family is comprised of values and norms and different statuses and roles, all of which are devoted to achieving the goals of the family as well as that of society. However, this is no easy task. Families are often scrutinized when a child displays delinquent behavior. Of particular concern are the ways that families might promote or prevent juvenile delinquency. Among the areas of concern when examining the link between family and delinquency are traditional family values, child-rearing practices, the influence of the mass media, and parental responsibility... |
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| Essay on Juvenile Delinquency Debate » |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence: Barriers to Seeking Help |
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| Domestic Violence: Barriers to Seeking Help Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. A common question that arises in relation to domestic violence is why doesn't she just leave? Surely women do not enjoy being treated this way, so why don't abused women get out? Many feel that if a victim of domestic violence really wanted to leave the relationship, she would just move on. However, as will be discussed further, the circumstances that often surround domestic violence, especially in situations where intimate terrorism is present, tend to be complex, and choosing to leave can be much more difficult, if not more lethal, than most people may realize. The suggestion that she should just leave blames any future abuse on her decision to stay; thus, the victim... |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence: Barriers to Seeking Help » |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence and Abuse Behaviors |
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| Domestic Violence and Abuse Behaviors Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence, is a significant concern in society today. It is estimated that 9 million couples, or one in six marriages, experience some form of intimate partner violence, with 21 percent of all violent crimes committed against women perpetrated by a romantic partner (Strong, DeVault, and Cohen 2010). Although violence against women in intimate relationships has existed for centuries, it has only become widely acknowledged as problematic since the latter half of the 20th century. Many credit this increased awareness to social and political movements such the second wave of feminism, also known as the modern women's movement, that have argued... |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence and Abuse Behaviors » |
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| Essay on Sex-Offender Registries |
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| Sex-Offender Registries Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Since 1996, federal, state, county, and municipal legislation has required convicted sex off enders to register with law enforcement agencies and has imposed escalating restrictions on the lives of the off enders. These expanding restrictions and the growing number of registered sex off enders, nearly 705,000 in the United States as of December 2009, have led some observers to examine the unanticipated consequences of registries as harmful to ex-off enders, their families, and their communities. Recognizing the unanticipated outcomes of registries is only one of the four more prominent controversies revolving around sexual off ender registries. The other three controversies pertain to issues of... |
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| Essay on Sex-Offender Registries » |
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| Essay on Serial Killings and Mass Murders Prevention |
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| Serial Killings and Mass Murders Prevention Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Both serial killers and mass murderers plan their actions before carrying them out. Both show definite signs of emotional distress in social interactions. The opportunity for profiling and preventing their actions seems to be present. We must recognize, however, that it is impossible to understand and predict individual human behavior in all situations. - Genetic and biological factors (e.g., brain damage or mental illness) can be a major causes of serial killing and mass murder, and these factors are not fully understood or under our direct control. - We have little influence over how parents establish the emotional atmosphere in the home and how they treat their children... |
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| Essay on Serial Killings and Mass Murders Prevention » |
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| Essay on Serial Killers and Mass Murderers Compare and Contrast |
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| Serial Killers and Mass Murderers Compare and Contrast Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. It has been 12 years since the Columbine High School mass killings in the United States, and 4 years since the Virginia Tech University massacre. Instances of mass murder in the United States increased noticeably during the first four months of 2009. From New York to North Carolina to Alabama and others, the number of victims killed by individuals on a shooting rampage has been high. Because these acts of violence appear to occur randomly, they tend to send shockwaves through the communities where they occur, as do serial killings. Anyone may be either a potential attacker or victim, thus generating a great deal of fear. Tragic events like serial killings and mass murders... |
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| Essay on Serial Killers and Mass Murderers Compare and Contrast » |
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| Essay on Do Serial Killers Have a Common Personality Type? |
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| Do Serial Killers Have a Common Personality Type? Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. In our post-September 11 world, people worldwide have become more aware of terrorist threats and ways to prevent them. One prevention method used by law enforcement agencies in many countries is profiling, especially with respect to appearance and behavior. The question here is quite simple: In a particular place, such as an airport, can we observe the overt behavior of an individual who has specific physical features and decide that this person poses a risk? In the previous section, we noted limitations in trying to profile the serial killer's behavior by concentrating on unique crime signatures. Does the same difficulty occur if we use personality and background profiling... |
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| Essay on Do Serial Killers Have a Common Personality Type? » |
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| Essay on Do Serial Killers Leave "Signatures"? |
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| Do Serial Killers Leave "Signatures"? Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Movies add to the suspense of a case by having the killer leave a characteristic clue with the body, something that tells investigators that the murderer has killed before. A perpetrator may, for instance, bury his victims face down and naked, with a stocking tied around the neck. These clues, called signatures, can include a variety of things unique to the killer. Initials might be carved in the body or a poem might be pinned to the body. A signature can also include evidence of a particular behavior involved in the killing. For instance, some perpetrators may have sex with the dead victim and others may require oral sex prior to the killing. Some may hide the body. Douglas and Munn... |
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| Essay on Do Serial Killers Leave "Signatures"? » |
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| Essay on School Violence |
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| School Violence Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. In light of the widespread coverage in the popular media of these high-profile incidents of school violence, the Justice Policy Institute examined data gathered from an earlier study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and concluded that the likelihood of children becoming victims of school-based violence was as minute as "one in two million" (Olweus 1993). The following month, President Clinton addressed Americans and asserted that "the overwhelming majority of our schools are, in fact, safe" (CNN 1998), a comment reiterated by Attorney General Janet Reno and Education Secretary Richard W. Riley in the report titled Early Warning, Timely Response: A Guide to Safe Schools... |
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| Essay on School Violence » |
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| Essay on Hate-Crime Laws |
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| Hate-Crime Laws Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The FBI has defined hate crime, sometimes called bias crime, as "a criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society which is motivated, in whole or in part, by the off ender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or ethnicity/national origin" (Shively 2005: 2). Almost all states have established criminal penalties for hate crimes. These penalties enhance the severity of punishment for a hate- or bias-motivated crime or establish hate crimes as a new category of crime (a process conceptualized by social scientists as criminalization). Federal statutes require mandatory reporting of all crime, including hate crime, but there is inconsistency in reporting across all states... |
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| Essay on Hate-Crime Laws » |
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| Essay on The "Christian Identity" Movement |
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| The "Christian Identity" Movement Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Among the most explicitly religious groups among the far-right and extremist organizations is the movement known as Christian Identity (variant but related groups appear with names like Church of the Aryan Nation and similar ones). A number of specific groups identify with variations on this train of thought, so it is important to briefly summarize some of the basic ideas encountered in these many versions. Among the most common ideas that feed the Christian Identity movement ideas are those known as British Israelism or Anglo-Israelism. This is the belief that the white races of western Europe and especially the Celtic and Germanic peoples are direct descendents of the Lost Tribes... |
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| Essay on The "Christian Identity" Movement » |
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| Essay on Characteristics of Extremist and Hate Groups |
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| Characteristics of Extremist and Hate Groups Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. George Michael lists a number of characteristics that he suggests are generally common among extremist groups: 1. Small locus of identity. Groups tend to strongly identify themselves with very locally defined groups--at most a nation, but often a race within a nation or a race within a region. Members are not interested in recruiting beyond a select few because they view the rest of the world in highly negative terms. 2. Low regard for democracy. Although most groups abide by federal rules, they often have a low regard for systems that give too much freedom to all people--including, of course, the excluded groups. This violates their sense of privilege and the feeling that their... |
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| Essay on Characteristics of Extremist and Hate Groups » |
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| Essay on Right-Wing Extremism |
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| Right-Wing Extremism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. In both the United States and Europe, the late 20th century saw an upsurge in the formation of right-wing extremist groups and other groups often labeled hate groups (advocating the expulsion or destruction of an entire people because of race or religion). At the same time, there was an accompanying upsurge in the number of anti-Semitic and racist incidents of harassment and violence. Although most of these groups do not use explicitly religious arguments in defense of their ideologies and ideas, some of them most certainly do. In fact, in one recent study, it is stated that "if there were one thread that runs through the various far-right movements in American history it would be fundamentalist... |
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| Essay on Right-Wing Extremism » |
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| Essay on Controversies in Prison Construction |
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| Controversies in Prison Construction Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. The major challenge for policy makers responsible for setting correctional policy center around four competing and contentious issues that will affect the future of prison construction in the United States. The first challenge for policy makers is to determine which option is more feasible, building new prisons or seeking alternative methods to incarceration. Because of the "the get tough on crime" and "war on drugs" campaigns, coupled with an increasing trend of politicians running on get-tough platforms, the current climate appears to be in support of building more prisons (although recent economic conditions have produced something of a dampening effect). Have these campaigns... |
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| Essay on Controversies in Prison Construction » |
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| Essay on Prison Construction |
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| Prison Construction Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Because the United States has the largest prison population and the highest rate of incarceration in the world, the expansion of its capacity to hold more prisoners is a very contentious one. Perhaps the most controversial question revolves around whether or not U.S. correctional policy should be in the business of building new prisons or whether it should be finding alternatives to imprisonment. These debates or questions, of course, raise related issues that include but are not limited to: punishment versus rehabilitation, privatization versus anti-privatization, and the abolition of parole and probation versus a moratorium on new prison construction. In the 1990s, in an effort to keep pace with... |
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| Essay on Prison Construction » |
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| Essay on Prevention of Identity Theft, Phishing, and Pharming |
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| Prevention of Identity Theft, Phishing, and Pharming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Identity theft, phishing, and pharming defy the basic online tenets of privacy, security, and trust (PST). Recent public surveys have shown that a number of consumers are still afraid to buy goods and services online because they fear that their personal information will be used by someone else. In recent times, trust seals and increased government regulation--such as the SOA--have become two main ways of promoting improved privacy disclosures on the Internet. Trust seals often appear on e-business Web sites--including green Trust images, the BBBOnLine (Better Business Bureau OnLine) padlocks, and a host of other privacy and security seals. In fact, some companies... |
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| Essay on Prevention of Identity Theft, Phishing, and Pharming » |
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| Essay on Controlling Identity Theft and Fraud |
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| Controlling Identity Theft and Fraud Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Because of its often anonymous and decentralized composition, the Internet is fertile ground for identity theft and fraud. Fraud, defined by law, is viewed as an intentional misrepresentation of facts made by one person, knowing that such misrepresentation is false but will, in the end, induce the other person to act in some manipulated fashion resulting in injury, harm, or damage to the person manipulated. Thus, fraud may include an omission of facts or an intended failure to state all of the facts. Knowledge of the latter would be needed to prevent the other statements from being misleading. In cyberterms, spam is often sent in an effort to defraud another person into... |
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| Essay on Controlling Identity Theft and Fraud » |
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| Essay on Phishing and Pharming: Relatively New Forms of Identity Theft |
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| Phishing and Pharming: Relatively New Forms of Identity Theft Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Within the past several years, a relatively new form of identity theft has emerged called "phishing." This refers to various online techniques used by identity thieves to lure unsuspecting Internet users to illegitimate Web sites so that the thieves can "fish for" sensitive personal information--to be later used for criminal acts like identity theft and fraud. These illegitimate or rogue Web sites are commonly designed to look as though they came from legitimate, branded, and trusted businesses, financial institutions, and government agencies. Often the cyber-thieves deceive vulnerable Internet users into disclosing their financial account information... |
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| Essay on Phishing and Pharming: Relatively New Forms of Identity Theft » |
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| Essay on Identity Theft |
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| Identity Theft Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Identity theft, or masquerading, is a legal term used to define the malicious theft and consequent misuse of someone else's identity to commit a crime. Land-based identity theft can occur if a burglar, say, breaks into someone's home and steals the homeowner's credit cards, driver's license, and Social Security card and then uses these to buy things using a false identity. Identity theft, or masquerading, is fraudulent criminal behavior (Schell and Martin 2005). In the modern age, identity theft can and does occur in the virtual world. In this venue, it often involves the cybercriminal's hacking into a computer network to obtain personal information on online users--such as their credit card... |
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| Essay on Identity Theft » |
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| Essay on Measures Governments Worldwide Have Enacted to Curb Cybercrime |
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| Measures Governments Worldwide Have Enacted to Curb Cybercrime Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. Clearly, the continually evolving nature of cybercrime has caused considerable consternation for governments globally. It is tough for governments and their authorities to stay ahead of the cybercriminal curve because the curve keeps changing. Moreover, there is a widespread belief that if cybercriminals are to be stopped in their tracks and dealt with by the global justice system, countries must work together to stop this online "problem," which knows no boundaries. Simply stated, as the nature of cybercrime has evolved from single-person exploits to international cybergangs and Mafia-like structures, the need for more effective legal structures to effectively... |
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| Essay on Measures Governments Worldwide Have Enacted to Curb Cybercrime » |
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| Essay on The Changing Virtual Landscape and Cybercrime Challenges |
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| The Changing Virtual Landscape and Cybercrime Challenges Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. There is little question that the virtual landscape has changed considerably just in the last 10 years, for in North America and globally, more people have become connected to the Internet, largely because of increasing affordability. Using Canada as one case in point, according to Statistics Canada, in 2009, some 80 percent of Canadians aged 16 and over used the Internet for personal reasons--a figure that shows an increase in usage by 7 percent since 2007 (the last time the survey was conducted). In short, almost 22 million Canadians aged 16 or over are active in the virtual world. Affordability, however, remains a key factor. Although there is a 94 percent Internet... |
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| Essay on The Changing Virtual Landscape and Cybercrime Challenges » |
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| Essay on The Four Critical Elements of Traditional Crimes and Cybercrimes |
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| The Four Critical Elements of Traditional Crimes and Cybercrimes Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. According to legal expert Susan Brenner (2001), both traditional land-based crimes and cybercrimes cause harm--to property, to persons, or to both. Furthermore, as in the real world, in the virtual world there are politically motivated crimes, controversial crimes, and technical nonoffenses. In U.S. jurisdictions and elsewhere, traditional and cybercrimes involve four key elements: - Actus reus (the prohibited act or failing to act when one is supposed to be under duty to do so). - Mens rea (a culpable mental state). - Attendant circumstances (the presence of certain necessary conditions). - Harm (to persons, property, or both)...
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| Essay on The Four Critical Elements of Traditional Crimes and Cybercrimes » |
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| Essay on Cybercrime and Hackers |
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| Cybercrime and Hackers Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Social Issues. According to a 2009 study conducted by the McAfee antivirus company and entitled "Unsecured Economies: Protecting Vital Information," data theft and breaches from cybercrime likely cost businesses whose networks were hacked as much as $1 trillion globally. This huge cost included both losses in intellectual property rights as well as expenditures for losses in productivity and network damage repair. These cost projections were based on the survey responses of more than 800 chief information officers in the United States, Germany, the U.K., Japan, China, India, Dubai, and Brazil. Respondents said that the breaches amounted to about $4.6 billion in losses, and the repairs were estimated... |
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| Essay on Cybercrime and Hackers » |
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| Essay on Honor Crimes: Legal and Policy Dimensions |
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| Honor Crimes: Legal and Policy Dimensions Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Marriage and Family Life. Legal concepts of victim, crime, evidence, and punishment are culturally grounded constructs, and the application and enforcement of laws dealing with honor crimes are often complex, contradictory, and inconsistent. In Brazil, for instance, the modern legal defense of a husband charged with wife murder committed to restore his marital honor can be traced to Portuguese colonial law that pardoned a husband who killed his wife and her lover in the act of adultery. Legal systems in a variety of Muslim countries follow Islamic (shari'a), European, Ottoman, and tribal law. An analysis of legal structures in several Arab countries determined that the majority of penal codes supporting honor killings... |
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| Essay on Honor Crimes: Legal and Policy Dimensions » |
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| Essay on Honor Killings: Social and Cultural Dimensions |
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| Honor Killings: Social and Cultural Dimensions Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Marriage and Family Life. Honor crimes are extreme forms of gender-based violence that are committed in culturally constructed societies in which the female body is viewed as a vessel for preserving family and tribal honor. In certain Latin American, Mediterranean, and Muslim societies throughout the Muslim world as well as Muslim communities in Europe and the United States an unmarried daughter's virginity and a married woman's chastity preserve a family's reputation. Perceived or real threats to female purity can bring shame on a family's honor. Male family members often resort to extrajudicial punishment of the accused female, and to a lesser extent the male, to cleanse the family honor... |
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| Essay on Honor Killings: Social and Cultural Dimensions » |
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| Essay on Legal Responses to Domestic Violence |
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| Legal Responses to Domestic Violence Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Marriage and Family Life. Domestic violence has traditionally fallen under the jurisdiction of the states. Changes in statutes to address domestic violence crimes have come in the areas of police response, how cases are handled by the judiciary and prosecutors, increasing the availability and deployment of civil orders of protection, and the development of additional educational resources. Every state has adopted reforms to address these concerns, including enacting domestic violence codes, removing barriers to obtaining arrest warrants, and expanding grounds for arrest. Reforms on the state level began by the passage of criminal statutes on domestic violence. Laws also started to include enhanced punishments... |
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| Essay on Legal Responses to Domestic Violence » |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence: Child Abuse and Elder Abuse |
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| Domestic Violence: Child Abuse and Elder Abuse Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Marriage and Family Life. The majority of child abuse is perpetrated by the parents (77%) or other relatives (11%) whereas only 2 percent of offenders were from outside of the home (i.e., childcare providers) (Gosselin 2000). Women accounted for 75 percent of the abusers in neglect and medical child abuse cases (Gosselin 2000). Fathers and mothers are equally likely to physically abuse children, and when a parent substitute is involved, the offender is usually the male or the father substitute. This form of domestic abuse is not constituted by a single act of physical violence, deprivation, or molestation. Emotional abuse is included in a broad definition of child abuse but may not be legally... |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence: Child Abuse and Elder Abuse » |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence and Intimate Partner Abuse |
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| Domestic Violence and Intimate Partner Abuse Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Marriage and Family Life. The majority of victims of intimate partner abuse are women, and they are assaulted by someone who is a former or current spouse, cohabiting partner (opposite or same-sex), date, or boyfriend or girlfriend. When the victim is female, 93.4 percent of the time the offender is male, and when the victim is male, 85.9 percent of the time the perpetrator is male (Gosselin 2000). Studies focusing on the adult male batterer have identified characteristics and personality risk-factors that characterize this type of abuser, but these factors can also be applied to female perpetrators, abusers in gay and lesbian relationships, and elder and child abuse situations. These characteristics... |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence and Intimate Partner Abuse » |
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| Essay on Models of Domestic Violence Theories |
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| Models of Domestic Violence Theories Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Marriage and Family Life. There are a number of approaches to understanding how domestic violence occurs. Because a single answer does not exist, scholars and professionals have created categories, such as psychiatric, social-psychological, and sociocultural, to organize various models of domestic violence theories. The psychiatric model identifies substance abuse, personality disorders, and mental illness as the causes of domestic violence and included in this model are the psychopathology and substance abuse theories. The psychopathological theory stipulates that individuals can suffer from a variety of mental illnesses, which trigger aggressive behavior towards family members and intimate partners... |
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| Essay on Models of Domestic Violence Theories » |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence Prevalence |
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| Domestic Violence Prevalence Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Marriage and Family Life. Domestic violence can be defined as any domestic partner or interfamilial altercation that involves emotional, psychological, verbal, or physical abuse. The abuse may be sufficient to warrant the involvement of law enforcement officials, but this definition includes acts that are not illegal, such as verbal abuse. There is no crime labeled domestic violence; rather, the crimes committed defined legally as domestic violence include assault, assault and battery, rape, stalking, aggravated assault, and assault with a dangerous/deadly weapon. Domestic violence affects all socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic categories. The majority of victims are women, but the scope of domestic violence is not... |
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| Essay on Domestic Violence Prevalence » |
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