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In 2002, following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, commonly known as the 9/11 Commission, was created to identify the major flaws that had allowed the attacks to occur and to recommend new strategies and tactics to prevent, or at least minimize, future strikes on America. The bipartisan commission was composed of five Republicans and five Democrats and was chaired by former New Jersey governor Thomas Keane, a Republican. The commission was chartered by Congress and approved by President George W. Bush. It had access to classified documents and intelligence reports and interviewed the senior security officials from both the Bush administration and the administration of President William J. Clinton. There were more than 1,200 individual interviews, several of which were televised.

The Commission's final report, issued on 22 July 2004, was published in book form. Among its main recommendations were increased intelligence cooperation among security agencies in the United States, the creation of a director of national intelligence (DNI) to oversee the sundry intelligence agencies, and increased U.S. efforts to forestall the growth of international terrorist organizations in countries such as Pakistan and Afghanistan. The report also called for a range of improvements in border, port, and transportation security. Responding to the report, the Bush administration named John Negroponte as the nation's first DNI in 2005.

The Bush administration had initially sought only an internal probe of the 2001 terrorist attacks, but domestic and congressional pressure led to the formation of the 9/11 Commission. During the body's investigation, the administration refused to turn over some materials and was accused by some observers of endeavoring to minimize any criticism of its management of the attacks and their aftermath. Some critics of the commission asserted that the body did not adequately explore the counterterrorism policies of the Clinton administration and the prelude to the attacks.

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