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|  Essay on The Franco Regime: Dictatorship and Modernization |
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| The Franco Regime: Dictatorship and Modernization Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Spanish Civil War brought the Franco Regime to power and an abrupt change, through repressive dictatorship, to Spanish society. A single-party state, featuring a fascist-inspired system of vertical syndicates, was designed by Franco as an ''organic'' alternative to supposed ''inorganic'' marxist and liberal-capitalist political models. Under Franco, all power rested in the dictator's hands and a program of ideological mobilization was effected through propaganda organizations that targeted youth, university students, and women. All of the rights accorded women under the Republic were rescinded and pronatalist policies were promulgated. Trade union activities outside... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on The Marshall Plan |
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| The Marshall Plan Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. After six years of war, Europe lay devastated, with two crises especially urgent: a shortage of food and a shortage of coal for heating. During 1946-47, the average German lived on a semistarvation died of just 1,800 calories daily, and if the German people were slowly starving, some were quickly freezing as well. During the brutal winters of 1945, 1946, and 1947, hundreds, perhaps thousands died in homes unheated for lack of fuel. Although the United States had begun sending aid and relief to all of Europe even before the end of the war (amounting to approximately $9 billion by early 1947), these efforts were not sufficient, and the hope that Britain and France would recover sufficiently... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on The French Foreign Legion |
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| The French Foreign Legion Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The celebrated French foreign legion (Legion Etrangere) was created in 1831 by King Louis-Philippe for the purpose of patrolling and policing French colonial possessions in North Africa. Until the later 20th century, membership in the legion was restricted to foreign volunteers, who, after serving five years with good conduct, were granted French citizenship. Membership in the foreign legion has never required the swearing of an oath of allegiance to France but, rather, an oath to the legion itself, in keeping with the legion's unofficial motto, "Legio patria nostra" ("The legion is our fatherland"). Another feature of enlistment in the foreign legion is a high degree of anonymity. In most... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on Northern Ireland Conflict |
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| Northern Ireland Conflict Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, which officially concluded the Irish War of Independence, established the Irish Free State as a virtually autonomous nation. One provision in the treaty, however, radically undermined the nature of the new state: Ireland was to be partitioned, with six counties in the northeast section of the country remaining a part of the United Kingdom, to be known as Northern Ireland. In these six counties, the majority--approximately two-thirds--were Protestants, vehemently opposed to assimilation with the overwhelmingly Catholic South. These religious differences, in effect since the late 17th century, when England established Protestant settlements in the North... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on The Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 |
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| The Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In 1923, German anger and resentment over soaring inflation, defeat in World War I, and the subsequent terms of the Versailles Treaty led to wide spread opposition to the national government. In the province of Bavaria and its capital city, Munich, resistance took the form of a conservative movement to secede from Germany and reestablish Bavaria as an independent monarchy. But Munich was also the headquarters of the fledgling National Socialist (Nazi) Party, who wanted to see Bavaria not as an independent state but as the base for a revolt that would take over the national government under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. To achieve that goal, Hitler persuaded the distinguished German general... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on Social Reforms in the 19th Century |
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| Social Reforms in the 19th Century Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. As the gap between rich and poor continued to widen, some people began to call for change. Some of them were writers, called muckrakers, who took advantage of the freedom of the press to call attention to injustices in society. Jacob Riis was a Danish immigrant who became a photographer and a journalist. He published a book called How the Other Half Lives, which featured photographs of life in the New York slums. His pictures helped many to see how difficult life was for the poor. In 1903, Ida Tarbell wrote about the illegal practices at Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. In her book A History of Standard Oil Company, Tarbell argued that Rockefeller didn't play fair when dealing with... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on The Mass Immigration |
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| The Mass Immigration Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. The Industrial Revolution in America drew immigrants from other countries. From 1820 to 1930, more than 37 million people came from all over the world to live in America. Some, like the Irish, were escaping terrible poverty and famine in their homelands; others, like the Russian Jews, were escaping religious persecution as well. The first waves of immigrants came to America from northern and western Europe: England, Scotland, Ireland, Scandinavia, and France. Later groups came from southern and eastern Europe: Germany, Poland, Russia, Romania, Italy, and Greece. Families crowded aboard steamships for the two-week trip across the Atlantic to arrive at Ellis Island in New York City... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on American Industry and Society |
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| American Industry and Society Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. Many people describe the period after the Civil War as an age of extremes. On the one hand, a small number of people made a great deal of money by investing in new industries. They lived in luxury and threw grand parties. On the other hand, many other people lived in poverty. They worked long hours and struggled to make barely enough money to shelter and feed their families. Corporations, Trusts, and Monopolies Industrialists, or people who make their money from industry, grew rich by creating large, powerful companies. In some cases, the cost of starting a company was so high that no one person could afford it; instead, a group of investors would pool their money to start a corporation... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on The Industrial Revolution in America |
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| The Industrial Revolution in America Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. For centuries before the Civil War, people had lived their daily lives in basically the same way. The typical family lived on a farm and raised most of the food they needed on their own land. They wove their own cloth, sewed their own clothes, and made their own furniture. They didn't need much money because they traded with neighbors for most things they needed but did not make themselves. All of that changed in the second half of the eighteenth century with the Industrial Revolution. While the Industrial Revolution did not involve soldiers or battles, it was a real revolution nonetheless. The word revolution means "radical change," or "overthrow of the existing order," and once the... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on Reconstruction (1866-1877) |
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| Reconstruction (1866-1877) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. Reconstruction, or rebuilding, began right after the Civil War. It was not just a matter of restoring southern cities that had burned to the ground; Reconstruction also meant preparing southerners--both black and white--for life without slavery. Lincoln's goal was to go gently, to bring about change without making southerners feel angry or humiliated. He planned to make it easy for states to rejoin the Union by requiring that only one tenth of the population declare loyalty to the United States. Then each state would have to approve the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment abolished slavery. Before Lincoln died, the federal government had planned the Freedmen's Bureau... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on Thomas Hutchinson Biography |
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| Thomas Hutchinson Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Statesman and historian Thomas Hutchinson was the last civilian royal governor of Massachusetts (1770-74) before the Revolutionary War (1775-83). Born in Boston, he won election to the colonial assembly in 1736 and rose to become speaker in 1747. By 1749 his administrative abilities had made him known to friends and foes alike as the "prime minister" for Governor William Shirley... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on William Churchill Houston Biography |
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| William Churchill Houston Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. William Churchill Houston played a central role in American finance during the Revolutionary War (1775-83). While attending the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), he taught in the college's Latin grammar school, and he was appointed master of the school upon his graduation in 1768... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on Stephen Hopkins Biography |
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| Stephen Hopkins Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Beginning in modest circumstances, Stephen Hopkins worked his way to becoming a wealthy merchant and one of the most prominent figures in colonial and revolutionary Rhode Island. In 1740 he became a shipbuilder and shipowner with his brother Esek Hopkins... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on The Holland Land Company |
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| The Holland Land Company Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. The Holland Land Company was a consortium of Dutch investors who formed in 1792 to purchase, sell, and develop 3.3 million acres of land in western New York obtained from Revolutionary merchant and financier Robert Morris. This transaction demonstrated the transatlantic nature of investment in the developing economy of the United States during the early republic... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on The HMS Hermione Mutiny |
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| The HMS Hermione Mutiny Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. During the 1790s, revolutionary ideas churned throughout the Atlantic world like a swift current, bringing the ideas of the American Revolution and the French Revolution even to the gundecks of the British navy. In 1797 two mutinies in the British fleet at Spithead and Nore gained some relief for the poor treatment of British seamen... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on The Legacy of Ancient Egypt |
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| The Legacy of Ancient Egypt Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Egypt. The Nile Delta adjoins the only part of modern Egypt where there is a significant population that does not live on the Nile: the Mediterranean coast. This area came to be populated only after Egypt fell to the Greeks. Its most notable city is Alexandria, named after Alexander the Great. In Alexandria, the Greeks developed one of the biggest and most notable libraries of the ancient world. By that time, Egypt had long been considered a center of learning. The Greeks and later the Romans greatly admired the achievements of the Egyptians, particularly in the areas of art and architecture. The influence of Egypt on their cultures--and through Greece and Rome, on the rest of the world--was... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Later periods in Egypt (1070 B.C.-A.D. 640) |
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| Later periods in Egypt (1070 B.C.-A.D. 640) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Egypt. There would be eleven more dynasties in Egypt, but its most important years were long past. The Twenty-First through the Twenty-Fourth dynasties made up what was called the Third Intermediate Period (1070-712 B.C.) During this time, the pharaohs took up residence in Tanis, far to the north, while the priests maintained control in Thebes. Eventually the latter became a separate nation, a theocracy called the Divine State of Amon. In the Twenty-Second Dynasty, Libyans began to take control. In 712 B.C. the Kushites, who once had been ruled by the Egyptians, invaded and became the new rulers of the nation. This initiated what was called the Late Period (712-332 B.C.) In 672... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Ramses II and the End of the New Kingdom |
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| Ramses II and the End of the New Kingdom Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Egypt. After Tutankhamen died in 1323 B.C., there was a struggle for power as the aged vizier Aya and a general named Horemhab competed for the hand of his widow. She in turn tried to initiate a marriage with the son of a Hittite king, but the Hittite prince was apparently assassinated by Aya. Aya married her, then sent Horemhab to make war on the Hittites. Soon the old man died, however, and Horemhab took the throne. As leadership of Egypt passed from the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties, Horemhab was followed by a minor pharaoh named Ramses I, whose son was Seti I. Seti conducted important military campaigns in Palestine and Syria and began building a giant temple at Karnak... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Pharaoh Akhenaten's Religious Revolution |
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| Pharaoh Akhenaten's Religious Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Egypt. After Amenhotep III came a pharaoh who very nearly turned the ancient Egyptians' world upside down. This was Amenhotep IV (reigned 1352-1336 B.C.), who adopted the name Akhenaton, which means "Servant of Aton." Aton was the name of the deity whom he declared was the only god. Up to then, of course, the Egyptian religion had included numerous deities. Akhenaton proposed to sweep away all those old gods. Just as there was only one god, so there was only one prophet of Aton, and that was Akhenaton. To break all ties with the past, Akhenaton established a new capital. He ordered that the new capital be built at a location along the Nile almost exactly midway between the old capital... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on The New Kingdom (1539-1070 B.C.) |
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| The New Kingdom (1539-1070 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Egypt. Not since the Fourth Dynasty a thousand years before was there an Egyptian dynasty as memorable as the Eighteenth. And whereas the Fourth Dynasty is remembered chiefly for its great building projects, most notably the Great Pyramids of Giza, the Eighteenth Dynasty is most famous for its colorful leaders: Hatshepsut, the woman who ruled as king; Thutmose III, the great conqueror; and Akhenaton, who tried and failed to change the entire Egyptian religion. As with the Fourth Kingdom, there were great building projects, most notably in the Valley of the Kings. There were also developments in the visual arts that indicated a revolution in Egyptian thought. Ahmose, after he drove out the Hyksos... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Ancient Greece and Rome |
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| Ancient Greece and Rome Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Greece. In the Middle Ages, when civilization all but disappeared from Europe, the Arab world would preserve Greek culture and philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle. Farther west, the Byzantine Empire, which grew out of the Roman Empire's eastern branch in Greece, would maintain a very formal, strict, and static version of civilized learning while Western Europe faded into darkness. Just as it is impossible to imagine the world without Greece, so it is impossible to fully appreciate the Hellenic impact on civilization without seeing its influence on the last great society of the ancient world: Rome. As Greece was dying out, preparing to pass the torch to the Romans, two new schools of philosophy... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on The Spread of Hellenistic Culture |
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| The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Greece. The period between Alexander's death and the absorption of Greece into the Roman Empire is called the Hellenistic Age. During those two centuries, as Greece itself crumbled, Greek culture spread throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East. It did not come just from Greece, but from a place where the two greatest Mediterranean civilizations met: Alexandria. That great Egyptian city boasted not only the Pharos Lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, but by far the world's greatest library. Ashurbanipal of Syria had founded the first true library three centuries earlier, but Alexandria's, with some 700,000 "books" (actually, scrolls), dwarfed all that... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on The Hellenistic Age (323-146 B.C.) |
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| The Hellenistic Age (323-146 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Greece. In the aftermath of Alexander's death, his generals quarreled over the spoils of his conquests. None of them were remotely Alexander's equal in vision; they were merely soldiers, with no ambition to reshape the world. Seleucus (c. 356-281 B.C.) gained control over Persia and Mesopotamia, where an empire under his name would rule for many years. Ptolemy (c. 365-c. 283 B.C.) established a dynasty of even longer standing in Egypt. He and his descendants ruled from 323 until 30 B.C. As for who would rule Macedon and Greece, that was a much thornier question. Alexander's successors fought one another over the European homeland. Seleucus and Ptolemy, along with several others, tried to... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on The Age of Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.) |
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| The Age of Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Greece. When he assumed the throne of Macedon, Alexander (356-323 B.C.) was only 20 years old. Within two years, he would embark on a campaign of conquest that would make him ruler, by the age of 30, over almost the entire world as the Greeks knew it. His empire stretched from the Peloponnese to the Indus River and from the mountains of the Hindu Kush to the Cataracts of the Nile. Except for parts of India and Africa, as well as China and of course the Americas, all the civilizations up to that time would come either under direct Macedonian rule or into alliance with Macedon. No leader had ever conquered so much land in so short a time, and no leader would ever do so again... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on The Reign of Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.) |
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| The Reign of Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Greece. Philip II (382-336 B.C.) reorganized Macedon, consolidating his power in the court and transporting people from various regions of the country to other parts. It was a strategy employed by the Assyrians to prevent local groups from challenging the central authority. In Philip's case it gave him a free hand to extend his control far beyond Macedon's borders. Philip had invented a new weapon called the pike, a spear some sixteen feet long--a good nine or ten feet longer than the spears of Greek hoplites. Armed with pikes, his army was the most powerful in the region. Between 354 and 339 B.C., he conquered an empire that stretched across the Balkan Peninsula... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on Archaeology of Assyria and Babylonia |
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| Archaeology of Assyria and Babylonia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Mesopotamia. The Assyrians and Babylonians could not have known that their great gods Ashur and Marduk, along with the other deities they worshiped, would be largely forgotten in modern times; or that the god of the people they defeated, the Israelites, would be worshiped by hundreds of millions of people. Yet thanks to the Israelites and their holy book, the Old Testament, the memory of those two nations was preserved throughout the Middle Ages (A.D. 500-1500) By contrast, Sumer, though its city Ur was mentioned in the Book of Genesis, would be lost to history for many centuries. In 1842, archaeologists from several countries who had been conducting an excavation, or archaeological dig... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Mesopotamia» |
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| Essay on The Epic of Gilgamesh |
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| The Epic of Gilgamesh Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Mesopotamia. An epic is a long poem that recounts the adventures of a legendary hero. Often, but not always, it involves a long journey, the most famous example being Homer's Odyssey. Usually the hero of an epic grows, becoming wiser or better than he was when he began, as is again the case with Odysseus. The Gilgamesh Epic, too, involves a journey of growth. At the beginning of the story King Gilgamesh, apparently based on a real king in the Sumerian city of Uruk, treats his people so badly that they beg the gods to get rid of him. The gods respond by sending Enkidu to wrestle with him, but Gilgamesh wins--and the two become the closest of friends. Together they set out in search of the giant Humbaba... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Mesopotamia» |
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| Essay on The Neo-Assyrian Empire (934-612 B.C.) |
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| The Neo-Assyrian Empire (934-612 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Mesopotamia. A series of kings from 934 B.C. onward began conquering territory for Assyria. During this time, they perfected their system of warfare, using chariots and cavalry units, deporting conquered peoples, and placing local areas under the rule of Assyrian governors. In 883 B.C., Ashurnasirpal II established what historians call the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and under his rule (883-859 B.C.), the Assyrian armies developed a particularly effective strategy for warfare. This innovation, or new idea, had nothing to do with the actual fighting, but concerned a matter of equal importance to armies: supplying the troops. An old saying goes "An army travels on its stomach," meaning that men cannot fight... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Mesopotamia» |
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| Essay on Middle Assyria (1363-934 B.C.) |
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| Middle Assyria (1363-934 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Mesopotamia. Because Assyria as such had not emerged as a nation in the time of Shamshi-Adad, Ashur-uballit (reigned 1363-1328 B.C.) can be called the founder of the first Assyrian empire. He conquered Mittani and waged war against Babylonia. Tukulti-Ninurta I, who reigned from 1243 to 1207 B.C., sacked Babylon in 1225. He also started a practice that would be common among Assyrian conquerors to follow, the deportation or forced removal of defeated peoples. The deportees were relocated to another part of the empire, the idea being that they could not cause as much trouble to the rulers if they were removed from their homeland. Once again, however, the period of Assyrian power did not last long... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Mesopotamia» |
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| Essay on Old Assyria (2000-1363 B.C.) |
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| Old Assyria (2000-1363 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Mesopotamia. Assyria originated from three city-states: Nineveh, Arbela, and Ashur. The latter, from which the Assyrians took their name, was also the name of their chief deity. Like the Egyptian Ra and the Babylonian Shamash, Ashur was a sun god. Aspects of his character say much about ancient Assyria: he was not a merciful god, but delighted in war, and took special pleasure in the execution of prisoners. Settled by Amorites in about 2000 B.C., the region experienced its first military triumphs under Shamshi-Adad I, who ruled from 1813 to 1781 B.C. Though other civilizations of about the same time can be described as empires, or large countries that united many groups of people, Shamshi-Adad's... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Mesopotamia» |
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| Essay on The Greco-Roman Legacy |
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| The Greco-Roman Legacy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. It has been said that the two greatest questions in history revolve around how Rome came to conquer the world and how it came to lose it. A number of explanations have been put forward, but one thing is clear: the population of Germans and other barbarians was growing, while the Roman population--along with the vitality of its culture and civilization--declined. Though the Roman Empire was gone, a remnant of its former glory remained in the Roman Catholic Church, whose supreme leader, the pope, would become a power on a level with the most influential kings. On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III received a visit from a descendant of the barbarians, Charlemagne (742-814), the leader of a nation called the Franks... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Late Roman Emperors (A.D. 337-476) |
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| The Late Roman Emperors (A.D. 337-476) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. In a reversal of the former persecutions, several of Constantine's successors actively discriminated against believers in the old religion, whom they now condemned as pagans. The term pagan simply refers to someone who worships many gods, but in newly Christianized Rome, it became a term of severe disapproval. Paganism made a last stand under the emperor Julian (r. A.D. 361-363), who tried to bring back the old religion, but it was a doomed effort. Romans had stopped believing in the old gods long before, as the popularity of the Mithra cult had proved. Soon after Julian's death, the empire gave up claims to Persia. This move freed its soldiers to deal with a more immediate challenge... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Middle Roman Emperors (A.D. 180-337) |
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| The Middle Roman Emperors (A.D. 180-337) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. When Marcus Aurelius died, a golden age died with him. The gap between rich and poor, always wide, began to widen further. The middle class all but died out. In its place were two extremes: honestiores, who were the very rich and powerful, most of whom had lavish homes both in the city and countryside, and humiliores, who lived in crowded slum dwellings that often collapsed or caught fire. Romans both rich and poor turned increasingly to entertainment, the rich out of boredom and the poor out of a desire for escape. They watched chariot races in the Circus Maximus, a huge racetrack, and battles between gladiators in the Colosseum. The latter, part of which still stands today, was one of... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Early Roman Empire (A.D. 14-180) |
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| The Early Roman Empire (A.D. 14-180) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. Tiberius (r. A.D. 14-37), stepson of Augustus, was an able ruler in his early days, but he came to place too much reliance on a corrupt administrator. He was followed by Caligula (r. A.D. 37-41), who suffered a serious illness and went insane as a result. Caligula was so cruel and violent that his military officers finally murdered him. Afterward the senate considered restoring the republic to prevent another madman from taking power. However, the military overruled the senate and chose Claudius (r. A.D. 41-54). Claudius's stammer and his absentminded behavior, as well as his interest in scholarly pursuits, made him an object of ridicule; but under Claudius, Rome prospered. It added southern Britain... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Flowering of Roman Literature |
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| The Flowering of Roman Literature Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. Rome never produced the wide array of notable thinkers that emerged in Greece, but it did leave its mark in the areas of literature and history. A few of its most important writers and orators, Cato and Cicero, preceded the age of Augustus. The playwright Terence (c. 190-c. 159 B.C.) was known for his comedies. A much larger number of poets, playwrights, and historians flourished under Augustus or in the years soon after his reign. Among the most prominent of these was Virgil (70-19 B.C.), whose Aeneid was the crowning work of a long and fruitful career. As Homer had done in Greece, Virgil wrote a national epic. The legend of Aeneas had existed for centuries, but Virgil gave it form and poetic style... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on A Period of Crisis in Ancient China (A.D. 221-420) |
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| A Period of Crisis in Ancient China (A.D. 221-420) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Ancient World History. The years from A.D. 221 to 265 were known as the time of the Three Kingdoms. To the north, in what had been the power center of the Han, was the kingdom of Wei, ruled by the son of Ts'ao Ts'ao. South of the Yangtze was the Sun Dynasty's kingdom of Wu; and westward, in Szechuan, was a third kingdom, Shu. This period might be likened to the Civil War in America (1861-1865): both events were very painful times in China's history that would be remembered with a great deal of emotion on both sides. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a novel written more than a thousand years later, provides a fictionalized account that depicts this as a period of romantic heroism. In A.D. 265, the state of... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on The "Barbarians" of Central Asia |
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| The "Barbarians" of Central Asia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Ancient World History. The term "Central Asia" describes a loosely defined area which stretches from the Aral Sea in the west to the Gobi Desert in the east, and from the Tibetan Plateau in the south to Lake Baikal in the north. Today this region includes the nations of Kazakhstan and Mongolia, as well as southern Siberia (a part of Russia) and northwest China. In ancient times, it was the homeland of various peoples referred to by the Chinese as "barbarians." The word civilization has a very distinct meaning. To say that a group of people is uncivilized does not imply a value judgment, any more than it is a value judgment to say that a circle is not a square. The word "barbarian," on the other hand... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on The Han and Hsin Dynasties (207 B.C.-A.D. 220) |
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| The Han and Hsin Dynasties (207 B.C.-A.D. 220) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Ancient World History. The Han would rule China for more than 400 years, with an interruption of fourteen years. The first phase of Han rule, known to historians as the "Former Han," lasted from 207 B.C. to A.D. 9. In the latter year, a usurper named Wang Mang took the throne and established the shortlived Hsin Dynasty. Fourteen years later, in A.D. 23, the Han regained control, ushering in the period known as the Later Han, which lasted until A.D. 220. Beginning with the Han, the Chinese adopted a custom of naming their emperors posthumously. Thus during his lifetime, Liu Pang never used the name by which he would become known to Chinese historians: Kao-tzu. Kao-tzu (r. 207-195 B.C.) came from a... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on Totalitarianism and the Ch'in State |
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| Totalitarianism and the Ch'in State Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Ancient World History. Throughout history, kind and enlightened rulers such as Asoka of the Mauryan Empire have been rare. There have been plenty of cruel leaders, but the vast majority have been more like Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia or Darius I of Persia--that is, good in some ways and bad in others. Modern times are no exception, and in fact perhaps the greatest collection of truly heartless leaders came to power in the twentieth century. These included Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany (1889-1945), Josef Stalin of Soviet Russia (1879-1953), China's own Mao Zedong (1893-1976), and Pol Pot (1925-1998) of Cambodia. The first three together were responsible for the deaths of millions upon millions of people. Although Pol Pot... |
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| Essay on The Ch'in Dynasty (221-207 B.C.) |
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| The Ch'in Dynasty (221-207 B.C.) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Ancient World History. During the Warring States Period, a particularly strong kingdom under the leadership of the Ch'in, or Qin arose in the west, in what is now Szechuan Province. The Ch'in were hard, rugged monarchs, and they treated their people mercilessly. Under their leadership, a huge army of slave laborers dug a canal that joined the Ching and Lo rivers in 246 B.C., thus making possible extensive irrigation. As a result, the area became so lush that its farms outproduced all others. The Ch'in rulers were not merely harsh leaders. There was a system to their iron rule, making their state in some ways a forerunner of modern totalitarianism. A quartercentury after the end of the Chou Dynasty, the Ch'in had built... |
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| Essay on Immigration And Settlement in Australia |
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| Immigration And Settlement in Australia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Britain's first shipment of 750 convicts arrived in New South Wales in January of 1788 and immediately fell on hard times. Although they were expected to create a self-sustaining farming community shortly after arriving in the antipodes, most convicts were urban dwellers with no farming or construction experience. Worse still, they were ignorant of the southern hemisphere's seasons and rain patterns. As a result, the colony faced disease and chronic shortages until subsequent fleets arrived bearing more convicts, supplies, and the first in a growing wave of free settlers. As the new colony took shape, it quickly assumed a highly stratified social structure. At the apex were... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on Governor Lachlan Macquarie: Turning Jail Into Colony |
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| Governor Lachlan Macquarie: Turning Jail Into Colony Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Australian History. The reign of Governor Lachlan Macquarie is often looked upon as a new beginning in Australian history, a turning-point. In reality it marked the end of a policy. Macquarie was sent on a fool's errand. The colony was changing, but his commission and instructions followed the old pattern. He was to break the trade monopoly, suppress the rum traffic, encourage and foster a community of peasant farmers, to economize, to exercise a list of formidable powers. The one new factor was the presence of his own regiment... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on Colonization of Australia: The Beginnings |
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| Colonization of Australia: The Beginnings Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Australian History. The Beginnings of the settlement in Australia were both doctrinaire and sordid. The world had a spare continent. The Dutch had first claim to it, but saw no profit in it. The claim next in validity was England's, founded on the voyage of the Roebuck. She showed no signs of wanting the country either. Cook's discovery and accurate charting of the east coast brought the continent into focus... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on The Age of Curiosity and The Discovery of Australia |
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| The Age of Curiosity and The Discovery of Australia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Australian History. The sixteenth century had belonged to Portuguese and Spanish explorers, the seventeenth to the Dutch. In the eighteenth the English and the French took up the story. Between the Age of Discovery and the Age of Curiosity there is a difference in climate. The Age of Discovery was the active aftermath of the Renaissance, just as the Reformation and Counter-Reformation... |
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| Essay on Australia in the 1950s |
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| Australia in the 1950s Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The advent of television greatly impacted on the existing mediums of entertainment. People were deterred by the television to stay home and watch popular programs instead of going to the cinema. Cinemas were determined to seek new ways to bring back its former popularity, and developed innovative and improved special features to the big screen. This came in the form of Technicolor, Cinemascope, Vista Vision, Cinerama, wide screens, stereo sound and 3-D film which was especially suited to the big budget epic adventure, fantasy and science fiction films which had become extremely popular. Teen films were given birth to, giving the rock 'n' roll genre a helping hand by using its theme music. Drive-in cinema... |
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| Essay on Warfare in Early Modern Period |
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| Warfare in Early Modern Period Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The period 1490-1700 was one of increased interaction among areas of the world. Most active in this process were the Atlantic European powers, along with a number of other expansive powers, including in Europe the Ottomans and Russia. Military success was as much a matter of political incorporation as of technological strength, and incorporation depended on the successful allocation of the burdens of supporting military structures. The raising of men, supplies, and money was the aspect of military organization most important to the states of the preindustrial world, and the ease of the process was significant to the harmony of political entities and thus to the effectiveness of their... |
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| Essay on The Napoleonic Wars |
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| The Napoleonic Wars Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Napoleon devoted most of his time to war; he stayed in France for only one-third of the days in his reign. When he became First Consul in 1799, France was at war with the remnants of the Second Coalition. France still relied on the numerical strength provided by the levee en masse, but battles were comparatively small. Napoleon's victory at Arcola, for example, had matched twenty thousand French soldiers against seventeen thousand Austrians. During the next fifteen years, Napoleon fought nearly permanent war against Europe. His armies occupied Madrid, Rome, Vienna, Berlin, and Moscow. This required the standing conscription of young Frenchmen, usually for five years. By 1814 he had drafted... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on The Revolutionary Wars and the Rise of Napoleon |
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| The Revolutionary Wars and the Rise of Napoleon Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Napoleon Bonaparte was born the second son of a minor Italian noble on the island of Corsica. The family became French when Louis XV bought Corsica from the republic of Genoa, whose government had become exasperated with Corsican rebellion. Napoleon's father had accepted the French occupation, a French patent of nobility, and a position in the government of Corsica. This enabled him to send the nine-year-old Napoleon to the Royal Military Academy for sons of the aristocracy in 1778. The poor, skinny, provincial Bonaparte was unpopular, but he was a good student. His mathematic skills determined his future: The artillery needed officers who could calculate trajectories... |
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| Essay on The Reign of Terror during French Revolution |
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| The Reign of Terror during French Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The crisis began with the war against the European coalition. In early 1793 the Austrians defeated the armies of General Dumouriez in the Austrian Netherlands and moved toward the French frontier. While the French braced themselves for an invasion, Dumouriez stunned them by defecting to the allies, making military catastrophe seem imminent. In addition to the Austrians on the northern frontier, Prussians were besieging French forts in the east, Italian troops were invading from the southeast, the Spanish army had crossed the southern border, and the English navy was threatening several ports. In Paris, many people agreed that the war effort required desperate measures... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on Europe and the French Revolution |
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| Europe and the French Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The arrest of Louis XVI accelerated the growth of counterrevolutionary opinion. The most dramatic expression of this in France had been emigration from the country. The emigres (those who fled) had been led by the king's younger brother and future successor, the count of Artois, who left in July 1789. Each major event of the revolution increased the number of emigres. The total ultimately reached 104,000. Adding twenty-five thousand people who were deported (chiefly nonjuring priests), 2 percent to 3 percent of the population left France. Most emigres came from the third estate, but priests and aristocrats fled at higher rates. In contrast, counterrevolutionary emigration to Canada... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on Jesus Christ: The Founder of Christianity |
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| Jesus Christ: The Founder of Christianity Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Famous Historical Figures. Who was Jesus Christ? Christians say he was the son of God, yet also a man; that he felt all the temptations of a man, yet had all the powers of God. Non-Christians tend to view him as a very good man, though perhaps a misguided one. Jewish religious teachers of his day condemned him as a dangerous upstart. The Romans ruling over the region aided in the execution of a man who could clearly command the support of discontented masses. In subsequent centuries, Christ has been presented as the savior promised in the Bible's Old Testament, as an advocate of political revolution, or in any number of roles, depending on the viewpoint of the person describing him. Virtually all would agree... |
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| Free Essay on Famous Historical Figures» |
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| Essay on Gaius Julius Caesar: Roman Dictator |
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| Gaius Julius Caesar: Roman Dictator Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Famous Historical Figures. The name of Julius Caesar is still quite literally a household word. After all, the seventh month of the year is named after him. He was without a doubt the most significant figure in the history of Rome. His career paved the way both for the end of the republic and the creation of the empire under his nephew Octavian. A brilliant if not particularly moral leader, Caesar climbed to the top of Roman society partly through political maneuvering and bribery and partly through his own great skill. After forming the shaky First Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey, he ultimately eliminated his opponents, along the way embarking on a well-known affair with Cleopatra. As dictator of Rome, he put through... |
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| Essay on Alexander the Great: Greek King and Conqueror |
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| Alexander the Great: Greek King and Conqueror Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Famous Historical Figures. Though many ancient conquerors later had the title "Great" attached to their names, none was more deserving of it than Alexander III, king of Macedon. Coming from a mountainous kingdom to the north of Greece, he subdued the Greek citystates to the south. Then, at age twenty-two, he went on to take almost the entire known world. Eleven years later, having established a legend that would last throughout time, he was dead. Even though the Romans would rule more land, no one man has ever subdued so much territory in so short a period. Yet Alexander did more than win battles. Trained in the classic traditions of Greece, he brought an enlightened form of leadership to the regions he conquered... |
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| Essay on Plato: Greek Philosopher |
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| Plato: Greek Philosopher Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Famous Historical Figures. He has been praised for his contributions to Christian thought and criticized as one who paved the way for Communism. Yet Plato knew of neither Christianity nor Soviet Communism: the former came into being more than three centuries after his death and the latter some nineteen centuries after that. His influence, however, has spread throughout the ages. One thing can be said of this Greek philosopher that can be said of only a few kings and conquerors: the world would be a different place if he had not lived. A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato flourished in the twilight of Classical Greece. Socrates provided the foundation for Western thought, but Plato and Aristotle gave it form... |
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| Essay on Akhenaton: Egyptian Pharaoh and Religious Reformer |
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| Akhenaton: Egyptian Pharaoh and Religious Reformer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Famous Historical Figures. It takes a truly remarkable person to inspire controversy more than 3,000 years after his death, but the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaton was just such a figure. He attempted a thorough reform of Egypt's religion, banning the worship of all gods except Aton, a deity represented by a sun-disk. He is often credited as the originator of monotheism, or the worship of a single god. His reign also saw enormous developments in Egyptian art, which up to that time had been stiff and unrealistic. Akhenaton's religious reformation ultimately failed, however. The Egyptians, horrified by what they considered his disrespect for the gods, would remove his name from their historical record... |
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| Essay on The Legacy of Aristotle in the Middle Ages |
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| The Legacy of Aristotle in the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived in the 300s B.C. His ideas had a profound influence on medieval Islamic and Christian scholars. Much of Aristotle's thinking was based on analysis and observation. He explored principles of logic, and he studied the natural world. He also speculated about morality and about the nature of existence. Aristotle's approach was attractive to many medieval thinkers, who appreciated his logic and attention to detail. It was also threatening because his ideas appeared to challenge religious writings and beliefs; Aristotle did not even mention God in his work. Muslim scholars wrote works that developed Aristotle's ideas further... |
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| Free Essay on Medieval History» |
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| Essay on Medieval Archives |
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| Medieval Archives Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. Archives are collections of records saved for legal or historical purposes. Many archives were kept during the Middle Ages. Those that survive provide valuable information about many different aspects of medieval life. The word archive comes from the ancient Greek word archeion, which means a ruler's document collection. The term now includes any significant set of records, whether saved by the state, the church, or a private individual or institution. Collections of books are usually not counted. Sets of books kept for study or interest are known as libraries, even though many books are actually kept with everyday archival material. The Byzantine Empire is known to have kept extensive archives... |
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| Essay on Kingdom of Aragon During the Middle Ages |
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| Kingdom of Aragon During the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. During the Middle Ages, Aragon grew from a small area in northeastern Spain into an important power. It became one of two major kingdoms that combined to create modern Spain. When the Muslims invaded the Spanish peninsula in 711, they forced the Visigothic rulers to retreat to the northern coastal and mountain areas. With the help of the Franks under Charlemagne, however, the Muslim advance was halted. The northern areas had to pay tribute to the Muslims, but they remained independent. Aragon, in the middle of the mountains, became known as a land of barons and lords, because it had no king. For a while, Aragon was dominated by the neighboring mountain kingdom of Navarre... |
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| Essay on Arabic Numerals in the Middle Ages |
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| Arabic Numerals in the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. Arabic numerals have their roots in Hindu numerals. In the late 1100s, the system reached Western Europe, with the addition of a symbol to represent zero. At first, there was resistance to using the new system, and it was not widely accepted until the late 1300s. Arabic numerals are really Hindu-Arabic numerals. The system originally developed in India during the 500s or earlier, then spread to the Islamic world. In the late 1100s, it reached Western Europe via Muslim Spain. The Byzantines did not learn about the system until a century later. Arabic numerals are the ones commonly used today. They have played a crucial part in the development of mathematics and science. The system... |
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| Free Essay on Medieval History» |
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| Essay on Arabic Poetry and Prose in the Middle Ages |
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| Arabic Poetry and Prose in the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. The tradition of Arabic poetry dates from before the beginning of Islam. The nomadic desert tribes listened to poems that were memorized and performed by professional reciters. Some poems sang the praises of the poet's tribe. Others told the adventures of a particular hero or mourned the death of a friend or relative. These early Bedouin poems emphasized virtues such as courage and generosity. Both the action and the setting, such as a camel ride through forbidding deserts, were vividly described. Powerful images were used. In one poem, palm trees are described whose "topmost heads of foliage waving in every wind are like girls that pull at one another's hair." The most famous poet... |
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| Essay on The Survival of the Maya |
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| The Survival of the Maya Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Throughout the long history of the Maya, the powerful and wealthy city-states were built through the intense labor of the common workers. The cities thrived, and their people ate the maize and beans the farmers grew. But eventually, one by one, all of the great Maya cities and city-states collapsed and were abandoned. The farmers in many cases were forced to move to another location, mainly to be around a secure water source. In many of the Peten (Guatemala) regions, farming communities were either severely reduced by malnutrition and disease after the decline of the city-states, or the people simply moved away. In the northern Yucatan lowlands, and in isolated areas throughout the Maya world, the rise... |
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| Free Essay on Mesoamerican Civilizations» |
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| Essay on The Rise of the Aztecs |
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| The Rise of the Aztecs The Aztec empire was at its peak when the Spanish conquistadores arrived in 1519. The first soldiers who arrived with the expedition of Spanish commander Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) were amazed by the civilization they found in the Valley of Mexico. The size, magnificence, beauty, wealth, order, cleanliness, and sophistication of the capital city of Tenochtitlan rivaled the top European cities of the time, and outdid them in many ways. At the same time, however, the conquistadors were horrified by the massive human sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs, usually in very gruesome ways. Many noted (as most people still do today) the odd combination of sophistication and brutality of the Aztecs. Few of the Spanish conquistadores who described the Aztecs noted... |
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| Essay on The Modern Descendents of Aztecs |
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| The Modern Descendents of Aztecs Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Experts estimate there are about 1.5 million descendants of the Aztec empire living in Mexico in the twenty-first century. Some speak only Spanish, some speak only Nahuatl, and others speak both languages fluently. The Nahuatl spoken in the twenty-first century has been heavily influenced by Spanish, and Spanish has also been influenced by Nahuatl. Many of the customs and arts found in present-day Mexico are also a cross between native and Spanish cultures. A good example of the blend of Aztec and Spanish cultures is the celebration of the Days of the Dead (in Spanish, "Los dias de los muertos") beginning on October 31 and running through November 2 every year. Days of the Dead traditions go back... |
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| Free Essay on Mesoamerican Civilizations» |
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| Essay on The Aztec Empire: 1427 to 1521 |
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| The Aztec Empire: 1427 to 1521 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. At the end of their first hundred years in Tenochtitlan, the Aztec kings were still under the control of the Tepanec emperors of Azcapotzalco. With the help of Aztec warriors the Tepanecs had become the most powerful people of the Valley of Mexico. The arrangement between the Aztecs and Tepanecs had been satisfactory to both for many years, but as Tenochtitlan grew in power, its leaders wanted to rule the valley. The Tepanec leaders, fearing the increasing power of the Aztecs, tried to suppress them, demanding greater amounts of tribute. The Alcohuans, a Nahuatl-speaking (the language spoken by the Aztecs and many other groups in the Valley of Mexico) people who had migrated to the... |
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| Free Essay on Mesoamerican Civilizations» |
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| Essay on The First Mesoamerican Calendar Systems |
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| The First Mesoamerican Calendar Systems Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Based on the evidence available, it appears the earliest writing in Mesoamerica stemmed from attempts to put a date and name on carvings of defeated enemies or victorious battles. No one knows for certain where the first calendar systems arose in Mesoamerica, but two very likely places are the Olmec heartland (the central region of a cultural group, where their traditional values and customs are practiced) and Monte Alban. Every Mesoamerican society from the Olmecs forward used a calendar system that combined two calendars: the sacred 260-day calendar and the practical 365-day solar calendar. The 260-day calendar was composed of 20 consecutive day-names combined with the numerals 1 to 13... |
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| Essay on Joshua Humphreys Biography |
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| Joshua Humphreys Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. A Quaker by birth, Joshua Humphreys was trained as a shipwright in Philadelphia, and because his master died before the end of his apprenticeship, he ended up running a shipyard when he was only 20 years old. Despite his pacifist Quaker background, Humphreys was an ardent Whig during the Revolutionary War (1775-83), and he outfitted at least a dozen privateers and supervised the construction of the Continental frigate Randolph... |
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| Free Essay on Revolutionary War & War of 1812» |
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| Essay on Isaac Hull Biography |
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| Isaac Hull Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. One of the greatest naval heroes of the War of 1812 (1812-15), Isaac Hull was born in Connecticut, went to sea when he was 14, and worked his way up to commanding merchant ships by 1794. Despite his skill as a seaman, he was unlucky in the business aspects of being a merchant captain and therefore eagerly joined the U.S. Navy as a lieutenant in 1798, an appointment that was in large part due to the influence of his uncle, William Hull... |
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| Free Essay on Revolutionary War & War of 1812» |
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| Research Paper on The Huddy-Asgill Affair |
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| The Huddy-Asgill Affair Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Although the Revolutionary War (1775-83) was winding down in spring 1782, and the regular armies sought to avoid contact and let the peace process follow its course, the irregular warfare between Loyalists and Revolutionary partisans remained intense in areas between the British forces and Continental army. The Huddy-Asgill affair was one result of this internecine conflict... |
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| Free Essay on Revolutionary War & War of 1812» |
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| Essay on General William Howe |
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| General William Howe Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Many scholars believe that William Howe could have won the Revolutionary War (1775-83). As commander of the British army from autumn 1775 to spring 1778, he squandered repeated opportunities to annihilate General George Washington and the Continental army. Whether this evaluation is correct or not, Howe played a central role in the drama that led to the independence of the United States... |
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| Free Essay on Revolutionary War & War of 1812» |
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| Essay on The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 27, 1814) |
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| The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 27, 1814) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, between U.S. forces and the militant Creek faction known as the Red Sticks, effectively ended the Creek War (1813-14). By March 1814, in what is now Alabama, about 1,000 Red Stick warriors and 400 women and children had assembled at a town called Tohopeka... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Passchendaele (1917) |
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| The Battle of Passchendaele Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Passchendaele is the name of a small village in Belgium, as well as the popular name for the third battle of Ypres, which lasted from July to November 1917. Passchendaele Ridge, a fortified elevated position that the Germans had captured in 1914, overlooked the front line near Ypres. The British commander General Douglas Haig regarded it as the key point in the overall Ypres battle. As usual, preparations for the battle consisted of a massive artillery attack that, in addition to giving the Germans prior notice of British intentions, turned the rain-soaked battlefield into a sea of mud. Advancing British soldiers found themselves waist-deep in the mud, and many actually drowned. They could... |
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| Free Essay on World War I History» |
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| Essay on The Meuse-Argonne Offensive - WW1 |
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| The Meuse-Argonne Offensive - WW1 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the final Allied offensive of the war, in September 1918, attempted to break through the Hindenburg line (also known as the Siegfried line), which stretched across the width of the western front. The Allied plan called for British troops to attack on one flank of the line, with Americans on the opposite flank and the French in the middle. American forces under the command of General John Joseph Pershing were assigned the task of penetrating the line in the area between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest, a heavily fortified sector, where the Germans had been building defenses for three years. It was clear that the Americans were given the most... |
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| Essay on The Sinking of the Lusitania (1915) |
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| The Sinking of the Lusitania (1915) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Early in 1915, the first full year of World War I, Germany announced that its submarines (U-boats) would attack all Allied ships, including noncombatant vessels. In May of that year, the British liner RMS Lusitania, the world's largest and most luxurious passenger ship, set sail from New York, bound for England. The voyage was uneventful until May 7, 1915, when the ship, rounding the Irish coast, was hit by a torpedo from a German U-boat. A few moments later, a second explosion tore through the ship's bow, this one probably the result of coal gas ignited by the first. This second explosion proved to be fatal, and the ship sank in less than 20 minutes. Of the 1,900 passengers onboard... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Gallipoli (1915) |
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| The Battle of Gallipoli (1915) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In 1915, the stalemate on the Western Front compelled the Allies to look elsewhere for a breakthrough that would bring the war to a swift conclusion. In the British war cabinet, Winston Churchill, then first lord of the admiralty, argued eloquently for a combined land-sea offensive in the Dardanelles, the 40-mile strait separating southeast Europe from Asia. The plan called for an expedition that would establish naval control of the strait, followed by the capture of Constantinople (now Istanbul), thereby establishing a direct connection with Russian forces fighting the Turks in the Caucusus. In March 1915, the naval plan was put into action. It failed--due to the effective mining... |
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| Free Essay on World War I History» |
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| Essay on The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (1914) |
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| The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (1914) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In 1878, the Austro-Hungarian imperial army occupied the province of Bosnia-Herzegovina, even though the province was nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1908, Austria announced its formal annexation, despite a storm of protests from Turkey and the major nations of Europe, who saw the move as a further destabilization of a region already on the brink of war. Opposition was even stronger within Bosnia itself, whose strong Serbian majority desired independence, like that of their fellow Serbs in neighboring Serbia. In the years that followed, increasingly militant opponents of Austrian rule emerged both in Bosnia and Serbia. Among the latter was "the Black Hand," a... |
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| Essay on The Postwar Restructuring of Germany |
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| The Postwar Restructuring of Germany Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. At the end of World War II, Germany lay devastated, the country divided and occupied by the victorious Allied powers. Ultimately the national scale would survive, but in altered form. Two distinct German nation-states, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), joined Austria and Switzerland, whose prewar borders were preserved. Both German states and Austria were subordinated in an international system marked by the rivalry of the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. In the postwar political order of central Europe, the international scale took on a new significance. In the FRG, the basic structures of the liberal state... |
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| Free Essay on World War II History» |
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| Essay on The Neutral Nations in WW2 |
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| The Neutral Nations in WW2 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Few major nations chose or were able to remain neutral during World War II. Belgium proclaimed neutrality, but was brutally invaded during Germany's initial assault on the West. The Netherlands had received assurances from Adolf Hitler that its neutrality would be respected, but it, too, was invaded during the Battle of France. The United States adhered to its Neutrality Acts, although increasingly close cooperation with the British marked an unmistakable drift toward war until the Battle of Pearl Harbor forced Franklin D. Roosevelt's hand. The Republic of Ireland remained neutral throughout the war, largely because of its long history of hostility toward Great Britain. It was the only... |
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| Free Essay on World War II History» |
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| Essay on The Rape of Nanking |
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| The Rape of Nanking Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Also called the Nanking Massacre and (in Japan), the Nanking Incident, the Rape of Nanking describes the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army in and around Nanking (Nanjing), which was the capital of China at the time of the city's fall to the Japanese on December 13, 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War. Japanese soldiers entered Nanking on December 13 and over at least the next six weeks committed atrocities including looting, rape, arson, and the wanton slaughter of noncombatant civilians and prisoners of war. Modern Chinese historians adhere to the Chinese Communist Party estimates that some 300,000 civilians were killed in Nanking. Some of these victims may in fact have been... |
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| Free Essay on World War II History» |
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| Essay on MI5 (British Military Intelligence) |
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| MI5 (British Military Intelligence) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. During World War II, the British security service MI5 shared with MI6 and the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police authority for evaluating and advising the government on intelligence relating to national security. MI5 provided intelligence to aid in defense against espionage, sabotage, and political subversion. The personnel of MI5 and MI6 often came into conflict over matters of jurisdiction. Originally, when the two agencies were established under the War Office before World War I, MI5 (created in 1909 by Sir Vernon Kell) was responsible for intelligence within the United Kingdom to a limit of three miles off the coastline. Additionally, MI5 could cooperate in intelligence... |
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| Free Essay on World War II History» |
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| Essay on The Japanese Kamikaze Pilots |
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| The Japanese Kamikaze Pilots Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Japanese word kamikaze, commonly translated as "divine wind," refers to a legendary typhoon that is believed to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281. During World War II (and in the present day as well) the word has been used in English to refer to suicide attacks made principally by Japanese pilots. The Japanese themselves reserved (and continue to reserve) kamikaze to describe only the 1281 typhoon. A World War II suicide attack unit was officially called tokubetsu kogeki tai, "special attack unit," and was usually shortened to tokkotai. The Imperial Japanese Navy called its suicide squads shinpu tokubetsu kogeki tai; the word shinpu uses the same characters that... |
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