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Free History Essays & Research Papers Topics
Custom Essays, Research Papers, Term Papers For Sale. Custom Writing Services on History Essays & Research Papers
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|  Essay on The Franco Regime: Dictatorship and Modernization |
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| The Franco Regime: Dictatorship and Modernization Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Spanish Civil War brought the Franco Regime to power and an abrupt change, through repressive dictatorship, to Spanish society. A single-party state, featuring a fascist-inspired system of vertical syndicates, was designed by Franco as an ''organic'' alternative to supposed ''inorganic'' marxist and liberal-capitalist political models. Under Franco, all power rested in the dictator's hands and a program of ideological mobilization was effected through propaganda organizations that targeted youth, university students, and women. All of the rights accorded women under the Republic were rescinded and pronatalist policies were promulgated. Trade union activities outside... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on The Marshall Plan |
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| The Marshall Plan Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. After six years of war, Europe lay devastated, with two crises especially urgent: a shortage of food and a shortage of coal for heating. During 1946-47, the average German lived on a semistarvation died of just 1,800 calories daily, and if the German people were slowly starving, some were quickly freezing as well. During the brutal winters of 1945, 1946, and 1947, hundreds, perhaps thousands died in homes unheated for lack of fuel. Although the United States had begun sending aid and relief to all of Europe even before the end of the war (amounting to approximately $9 billion by early 1947), these efforts were not sufficient, and the hope that Britain and France would recover sufficiently... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on The French Foreign Legion |
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| The French Foreign Legion Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The celebrated French foreign legion (Legion Etrangere) was created in 1831 by King Louis-Philippe for the purpose of patrolling and policing French colonial possessions in North Africa. Until the later 20th century, membership in the legion was restricted to foreign volunteers, who, after serving five years with good conduct, were granted French citizenship. Membership in the foreign legion has never required the swearing of an oath of allegiance to France but, rather, an oath to the legion itself, in keeping with the legion's unofficial motto, "Legio patria nostra" ("The legion is our fatherland"). Another feature of enlistment in the foreign legion is a high degree of anonymity. In most... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on Northern Ireland Conflict |
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| Northern Ireland Conflict Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, which officially concluded the Irish War of Independence, established the Irish Free State as a virtually autonomous nation. One provision in the treaty, however, radically undermined the nature of the new state: Ireland was to be partitioned, with six counties in the northeast section of the country remaining a part of the United Kingdom, to be known as Northern Ireland. In these six counties, the majority--approximately two-thirds--were Protestants, vehemently opposed to assimilation with the overwhelmingly Catholic South. These religious differences, in effect since the late 17th century, when England established Protestant settlements in the North... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on The Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 |
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| The Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In 1923, German anger and resentment over soaring inflation, defeat in World War I, and the subsequent terms of the Versailles Treaty led to wide spread opposition to the national government. In the province of Bavaria and its capital city, Munich, resistance took the form of a conservative movement to secede from Germany and reestablish Bavaria as an independent monarchy. But Munich was also the headquarters of the fledgling National Socialist (Nazi) Party, who wanted to see Bavaria not as an independent state but as the base for a revolt that would take over the national government under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. To achieve that goal, Hitler persuaded the distinguished German general... |
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| Free Essay on 20th Century History» |
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| Essay on Abigail Adams Biography |
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| Abigail Adams Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. Abigail Adams, the wife of the second president of the United States, was never a leader of any kind during her lifetime, except in the circle of her devoted family. But a generation after her death, Americans began to see her as a paragon of domestic patriotism during the Revolution. By the late nineteenth century she was widely regarded as one of America's finest letter writers. In the late twentieth century she took on a new role as a feminist heroine, and her current reputation--as a fully engaged patriotic wife... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on Benjamin Franklin Biography |
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| Benjamin Franklin Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. To the student of history, it may seem as though almost everything Benjamin Franklin wrote was a milestone in some way. For instance, in the sciences, he conducted groundbreaking research in electricity, identified and charted the Gulf Stream, proved that lead was poisonous and was sickening those who worked with it, and even worked out new ship rigging that took better advantage of the wind. In his writings on society and politics, it is hard to find a work without at least a nugget of insight into how people... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on French And British Colonial Settlements |
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| French And British Colonial Settlements Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. France began the process of colonization in 1609 when Louis XVI (1754-1793) shipped four thousand peasants from western France to Quebec at crown expense. Over the next century and a half, they were joined by an additional six thousand men and women, including soldiers, convicts, orphans, and free settlers. Although the French hoped that emigration to Canada would take off... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki |
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| The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. At 11:02 (local time) on August 9, 1945, Nagasaki became the second Japanese city to suffer nuclear attack, after Hiroshima, which had been bombed on August 6. Like the Hiroshima weapon, the Nagasaki bomb was the product of the Manhattan Project; however, in contrast to "Little Boy," the uranium 235 Hiroshima weapon, the fissionable component of "Fat Man," as the Nagasaki bomb was called, was plutonium 239... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on The Malmedy Massacre |
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| The Malmedy Massacre Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American History. During the Battle of the Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge), at Baugnez near Malmedy, Belgium, on December 17, 1944, SS Standartenfuhrer (colonel) Joachim Peiper's special Kampfgruppe (battle group) summarily executed 86 U.S. prisoners of war in an atrocity that became infamous as the Malmedy Massacre. During World War II, the killing of enemy combatants who had surrendered and had been disarmed was forbidden... |
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| Free Essay on American History» |
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| Essay on Thomas Hutchinson Biography |
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| Thomas Hutchinson Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Statesman and historian Thomas Hutchinson was the last civilian royal governor of Massachusetts (1770-74) before the Revolutionary War (1775-83). Born in Boston, he won election to the colonial assembly in 1736 and rose to become speaker in 1747. By 1749 his administrative abilities had made him known to friends and foes alike as the "prime minister" for Governor William Shirley... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on William Churchill Houston Biography |
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| William Churchill Houston Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. William Churchill Houston played a central role in American finance during the Revolutionary War (1775-83). While attending the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), he taught in the college's Latin grammar school, and he was appointed master of the school upon his graduation in 1768... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on Stephen Hopkins Biography |
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| Stephen Hopkins Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Beginning in modest circumstances, Stephen Hopkins worked his way to becoming a wealthy merchant and one of the most prominent figures in colonial and revolutionary Rhode Island. In 1740 he became a shipbuilder and shipowner with his brother Esek Hopkins... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on The Holland Land Company |
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| The Holland Land Company Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. The Holland Land Company was a consortium of Dutch investors who formed in 1792 to purchase, sell, and develop 3.3 million acres of land in western New York obtained from Revolutionary merchant and financier Robert Morris. This transaction demonstrated the transatlantic nature of investment in the developing economy of the United States during the early republic... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on The HMS Hermione Mutiny |
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| The HMS Hermione Mutiny Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. During the 1790s, revolutionary ideas churned throughout the Atlantic world like a swift current, bringing the ideas of the American Revolution and the French Revolution even to the gundecks of the British navy. In 1797 two mutinies in the British fleet at Spithead and Nore gained some relief for the poor treatment of British seamen... |
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| Free Essay on American Revolution» |
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| Essay on The Environment of Ancient Egypt |
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| The Environment of Ancient Egypt Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The most important natural resource in Egypt, in ancient times as well as modern, is the Nile River. Reflecting the importance of the Nile, the Egyptians from the Middle Kingdom on called their land Kemet, which means the "Black Land" of the floodplain where they cultivated their crops, in contrast to the deserts to either side, which were known as Deshret, the "Red Land" where any kind of cultivation was impossible. Without the Nile, there would have been no fertile valley in which ancient Egyptian civilization could have arisen. Cereal agriculture, which was introduced into Egypt from southwest Asia, was the economic base of pharaonic Egypt. The special environmental and climatic... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Geography of Ancient Egypt |
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| Geography of Ancient Egypt Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Ancient Egypt was the land of the lower Nile Valley, from the First Cataract at Aswan in southern Egypt to the Mediterranean shore of the northern Delta. Because the Nile River flows from south to north, southern Egypt is called Upper Egypt, while northern Egypt (the Cairo region and the Delta) is Lower Egypt. In modern times the northern part of Upper Egypt, from Asyut to the Faiyum, is often referred to as Middle Egypt. The Egyptian Nile Valley consists of a continuous stretch of river and floodplain through Upper and Middle Egypt and the Cairo region. About 700 kilometers long, the Egyptian Nile Valley is unimpeded by any rapids. The Nile Delta, in the northernmost part of the country... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Pharaoh Akhenaten and Nefertiti |
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| Pharaoh Akhenaten and Nefertiti Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Akhenaten, the pharaoh of the eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, was the second son of Amenhotep III (1391-54 BC) and Tiy (circa 1385 BC). His reign ushered a revolutionary period in ancient Egyptian history. Nefertiti was his beautiful and powerful queen. He was not the favored child of family and was excluded from public events at the time of his father Amenhotep III. Akhenaten ruled with his father in co-regency for a brief period. He was crowned at the temple of the god Amun, in Karnak, as Amenhotep IV. From his fifth regnal year, he changed his name to Akhenaten (Servant of the Aten). His queen was renamed as Nefer-Nefru-Aten (Beautiful Is the Beauty of Aten). The pharaoh initiated far-reaching changes in the field... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Religion and Mythology of Ancient Egypt |
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| Religion and Mythology of Ancient Egypt Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Egyptian mythology (or Egyptian religion) is the name for the succession of beliefs held by the people of Egypt until the coming of Christianity and Islam. The time span involved is nearly three thousand years, and beliefs varied considerably over time. As the leaders of the different groups gained and lost power, so the dominant beliefs merged and mutated. First, Ra and Atum became Atum-Ra, with Ra the dominant of the two, and then Ra became absorbed in his turn by Horus into Ra-Herakty. Ptah, on the other hand, after having become Ptah-Seker, was absorbed into Osiris, becoming Ptah-Seker-Osiris. The goddesses fared no better, with Hathor initially absorbing the details... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on Geography of Ancient Egypt |
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| Geography of Ancient Egypt Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The history of ancient Egypt begins around 3300 BC when Egypt became a unified Egyptian state. It survived as an independent state until about 1300 BC, however, archeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society existed for a much longer period. The Nile receives its last great tributary, the Blue Nile, near Khartoum, in about the 17th degree of north latitude. Above the town the river flows quietly through grassy plains; below, the stream changes its peaceful character, as it makes its way through the great table-land of the north of Africa, and in an immense bend of over 950 miles forces a passage through the Nubian sandstone. In some places where the harder stone emerges... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Egypt» |
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| Essay on The Palace of Knossos |
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| The Palace of Knossos Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The unearthing of King Minos's labyrinth, the most dramatic discovery of 20th-century European archaeology, began to unfold along with the century in 1900 and was still offering major surprises decades later. Although Sir Arthur Evans (1851-1941), the keeper of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, was not the first to appreciate the possibilities of the mound at Knossos, a few miles south of modern-day Iraklion, Crete, it was he who succeeded in buying the property at a propitious time, when the hold of the Ottoman Turks on the island had been loosed. From the very first day, the finds were spectacular. Though the myth of Minos was considered a possible echo of a time when Crete was the dominant sea power... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on The Archaic Period in Greek History |
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| The Archaic Period in Greek History Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Archaic Period in Greek history (c. 700-500 BC) laid the groundwork for the political, economic, artistic, and philosophical achievements of the Classical Period. Perhaps one of the greatest gifts to Western civilization by the ancient Greeks was the beginning of democratic government and philosophy. The seventh century BC witnessed the decline of the old aristocratic order that had dominated Greek politics and the rise of the tyrant. For the Greeks the term tyrant referred to someone who had seized power through unconstitutional means. Tyrants were often accomplished men from aristocratic families who had fallen from political grace. They rode the tide of discontent... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on Alexander's Campaign Against Persia (334 BC) |
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| Alexander's Campaign Against Persia (334 BC) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Alexander embarked on a campaign against Persia in the spring of 334 BC. The Persians had attacked Athens in 480, burning the sacred temples of the Acropolis and enslaving Ionian Greeks. Alexander, a Macedon, won great favor with the Greeks by uniting them against Persia. He set out with an army of 30,000 infantry, 5,000 cavalry, and a fleet of 120 warships. The core force was the infantry phalanx, with 9,000 men armed with sarissa. The Persian army had about 200,000 men, including Greek mercenaries. Memnon, the Greek mercenary general, led the Persian force. Alexander had an excellent knowledge of Persian war strategy from an early age. In the spring of 334 BC he crossed the Hellespont... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on Alexander's Place in History |
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| Alexander's Place in History Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Alexander the Great, King of Macedon 336-323 BC, was arguably the most successful military commander of ancient history, conquering most of the known world before his death. Born in 356 BC in Pella, Macedonia. Alexander is also known in Zoroastrian Middle Persian works such as the Arda Wiraz as "the accursed Alexander" due to his destruction of the Persian Empire and its capital Persepolis. He is also known in Eastern traditions as Dhul-Qarnayn (the two-horned one), apparently due to an image on coins minted during his rule that seemingly depicted him with the two ram's horns of the Egyptian god Ammon. In Iran, north-west India and modern-day Pakistan, he is known as Sikandar-e-Azam... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on The Peloponnesian War |
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| The Peloponnesian War Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Peloponnesian War began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth. The war was documented by Thucydides, an Athenian general, in his work History of the Peloponnesian War. Most of the extant comedies of Aristophanes were written during this war, and poke fun at the generals and events. The war lasted 27 years, with a 6-year truce in the middle, and ended with Athens' surrender in 404 BC. When war broke out between Athens and Sparta, few Greeks foresaw that it would be different from any war they had ever experienced or even imagined. The twenty-seven-year conflict cost thousands upon thousands of lives and proved... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Greece» |
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| Essay on The First Emperors of Rome |
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| The First Emperors of Rome Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. Augustus's successors, the Julio-Claudian emperors, continued his administrative policies, though none of them was his equal as statesmen. His adopted son, Tiberius, succeeded him by inheritance; Tiberius ruled A.D. 14-37. Caligula, Claudius, and Nero abandoned republican formalities, expanded the imperial bureaucracy, and sometimes treated the Senate with open contempt. Caligula so scorned the republican tradition that he designated his horse, Incitatus, as his coconsul. Augustus's successors institutionalized the powers that had been granted personally to Augustus and gradually appropriated semidivine status. The Roman Empire became a hereditary monarchy, though as always... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Principate of Augustus |
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| The Principate of Augustus Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. By 30 B.C. Octavian became the undisputed ruler of the western world. With characteristic subtlety, he asked only that he be called princeps, or first citizen, and moved over the next seven years to consolidate his influence in ways that would not offend the Senate or other traditionalists. He treated the senators with courtesy, expanding their numbers and increasing their legislative power, but his much vaunted partnership with the Senate was a sham. The real basis of his power was proconsular authority over Spain, Gaul, and Syria, the border provinces that contained a majority of the legions. After 23 B.C. his proconsular authority was extended to Rome, and he was awarded the powers... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Rise of Augustus |
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| The Rise of Augustus Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. Caesar's rule was generally benign and devoted to reform, including the proclamation of a new calendar that remained standard in Europe until the sixteenth century, but it was autocratic and clearly unconstitutional. On the ides of March (March 15) in 44 B.C. he was assassinated as he entered the Senate house. The conspiracy involved sixty senators under the leadership of G. Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, who believed that his death would restore the powers of the senatorial class. The murder led to thirteen more years of war and the establishment of what amounted to an autocratic state. The violent and dramatic events of this period have fired the imagination of writers... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Fall of the Roman Republic |
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| The Fall of the Roman Republic Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. By the 2nd century BC, equestrians and Italian allies felt excluded from their rightful place in the political system of the Roman Republic, and far too many citizens remained landless and dependent upon what amounted to welfare. The army, deprived of an adequate number of recruits, grew steadily weaker. Although not the time for foreign adventures, in 111 B.C. the Senate reluctantly declared war on Numidia. The African kingdom had been engulfed by a succession struggle during which the Romans backed the losing candidate. The winner, Jugurtha, celebrated his victory by murdering a number of Roman businessmen. Because most of the victims were equestrians, a tremendous outcry arose in... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on The Transformation of Roman Society |
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| The Transformation of Roman Society Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History of Ancient Rome. Ordinary Romans gained little from the acquisition of an empire. Thousands found only an unmarked grave in some remote corner of Spain or the Balkans. Those who returned often discovered that their ancestral farms had been devastated by neglect or--after the Second Punic War--by the passage of armies. All faced a burden of wartime taxation that would have made economic survival difficult in any circumstances. The great senatorial families, meanwhile, profited enormously. Roman military commanders came almost exclusively from this class, and they took most of the loot from captured provinces. This included not only gold, silver, and commodities of every sort, but also tens of... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient Rome» |
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| Essay on Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor |
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| Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Huangdi (huh-wong-dee) is regarded as a patriarch of China, a founding father of an ancient civilization. Moreover, many Han Chinese regard Huangdi as a direct ancestor and worship him as a god. Scholars of Chinese history agree that there is almost no reliable biographical information about Huangdi that can be separated from the mythology. The earliest dynasty of China verified by archaeological evidence is the Shang (1765-1122 BC), about one thousand years after Huangdi's reign. Whether Huangdi is a historical person or a mythological accretion of early accomplishments, his innovations and inventions tell the story of the earliest Chinese civilization. So pervasive is the reputation of Huangdi... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on King Asoka (Ashoka) |
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| King Asoka (Ashoka) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Asoka (Ashoka) was the third ruler of the Mauryan Empire. Under his long rule the empire that he inherited reached its zenith territorially and culturally. Soon after his death the Mauryan Empire split up and ended. He is remembered as a great ruler in world history and the greatest ruler in India. Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan dynasty in 326 BC. Both he and his son Bindusara were successful warriors, unifying northern India and part of modern Afghanistan for the first time in history. Asoka was not Bindusara's eldest son, and there is a gap of time between his father's death and his succession, due perhaps to war with his brothers. Asoka continued to expand the empire by conquering southward... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on The Aryan Invasion |
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| The Aryan Invasion Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The conquest and settlement of northern India by Indo-Europeans began c. 1500 BC. The event marked the end of the Indus civilization and altered the civilization of the subcontinent. In ancient times semi-nomadic peoples lived in the steppe lands of Eurasia between the Caspian and Black Seas. They were light skinned and spoke languages that belong to the Indo-European or Indo-Aryan family. They were organized into patrilineal tribes, herded cattle, knew farming, tamed horses and harnessed them to chariots, and used bronze weapons. For reasons that are not clear, the tribes split up and began massive movements westward, southward, and southeastward to new lands around 2000 BC, conquering, ruling over... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on Ancient Armenia |
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| Ancient Armenia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Located at the flashpoint between the Roman and Persian Empires, "Fortress Armenia" stretched through eastern Anatolia to the Zagros Mountains. Armenia was a kingdom established during the decline of Seleucid control. Its independence ended with its incorporation into the Roman Empire in the third century AD. The region was inhabited after the Neolithic Period, and evidence of high culture is evident from the Early Bronze Age. Urartu was an important regional power in the eighth to the sixth centuries BC. The Indo-Europeans arrived from western Anatolia in this period and formed a new civilization that was Armenian-speaking and based on the local culture. The conversion of Armenia to Christianity... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on Pre-Islamic Arabia |
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| Pre-Islamic Arabia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Arabia, which spans an area of 1.25 million sq. miles, is a rugged, arid, and inhospitable terrain. It consists mainly of a vast desert, with the exception of Yemen on the southeastern tip, a fertile region with ample rain and well suited for agriculture. The southwestern region of Arabia also has a climate conducive to agriculture. The first mention of the inhabitants of Arabia, or "Aribi," is seen in the ninth century BC, in Assyrian script. The residents of northern Arabia were nomads who owned camels. In pre-Islamic Arabia, there was no central political authority, nor was there any central ruling administrative center. Instead, there were only various Bedu (Bedouin) tribes. Individual... |
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| Free Essay on Ancient World History» |
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| Essay on Immigration And Settlement in Australia |
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| Immigration And Settlement in Australia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Britain's first shipment of 750 convicts arrived in New South Wales in January of 1788 and immediately fell on hard times. Although they were expected to create a self-sustaining farming community shortly after arriving in the antipodes, most convicts were urban dwellers with no farming or construction experience. Worse still, they were ignorant of the southern hemisphere's seasons and rain patterns. As a result, the colony faced disease and chronic shortages until subsequent fleets arrived bearing more convicts, supplies, and the first in a growing wave of free settlers. As the new colony took shape, it quickly assumed a highly stratified social structure. At the apex were... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on Governor Lachlan Macquarie: Turning Jail Into Colony |
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| Governor Lachlan Macquarie: Turning Jail Into Colony Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Australian History. The reign of Governor Lachlan Macquarie is often looked upon as a new beginning in Australian history, a turning-point. In reality it marked the end of a policy. Macquarie was sent on a fool's errand. The colony was changing, but his commission and instructions followed the old pattern. He was to break the trade monopoly, suppress the rum traffic, encourage and foster a community of peasant farmers, to economize, to exercise a list of formidable powers. The one new factor was the presence of his own regiment... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on Colonization of Australia: The Beginnings |
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| Colonization of Australia: The Beginnings Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Australian History. The Beginnings of the settlement in Australia were both doctrinaire and sordid. The world had a spare continent. The Dutch had first claim to it, but saw no profit in it. The claim next in validity was England's, founded on the voyage of the Roebuck. She showed no signs of wanting the country either. Cook's discovery and accurate charting of the east coast brought the continent into focus... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on The Age of Curiosity and The Discovery of Australia |
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| The Age of Curiosity and The Discovery of Australia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Australian History. The sixteenth century had belonged to Portuguese and Spanish explorers, the seventeenth to the Dutch. In the eighteenth the English and the French took up the story. Between the Age of Discovery and the Age of Curiosity there is a difference in climate. The Age of Discovery was the active aftermath of the Renaissance, just as the Reformation and Counter-Reformation... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on Australia in the 1950s |
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| Australia in the 1950s Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The advent of television greatly impacted on the existing mediums of entertainment. People were deterred by the television to stay home and watch popular programs instead of going to the cinema. Cinemas were determined to seek new ways to bring back its former popularity, and developed innovative and improved special features to the big screen. This came in the form of Technicolor, Cinemascope, Vista Vision, Cinerama, wide screens, stereo sound and 3-D film which was especially suited to the big budget epic adventure, fantasy and science fiction films which had become extremely popular. Teen films were given birth to, giving the rock 'n' roll genre a helping hand by using its theme music. Drive-in cinema... |
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| Free Essay on Australian History» |
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| Essay on Warfare in Early Modern Period |
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| Warfare in Early Modern Period Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The period 1490-1700 was one of increased interaction among areas of the world. Most active in this process were the Atlantic European powers, along with a number of other expansive powers, including in Europe the Ottomans and Russia. Military success was as much a matter of political incorporation as of technological strength, and incorporation depended on the successful allocation of the burdens of supporting military structures. The raising of men, supplies, and money was the aspect of military organization most important to the states of the preindustrial world, and the ease of the process was significant to the harmony of political entities and thus to the effectiveness of their... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on The Napoleonic Wars |
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| The Napoleonic Wars Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Napoleon devoted most of his time to war; he stayed in France for only one-third of the days in his reign. When he became First Consul in 1799, France was at war with the remnants of the Second Coalition. France still relied on the numerical strength provided by the levee en masse, but battles were comparatively small. Napoleon's victory at Arcola, for example, had matched twenty thousand French soldiers against seventeen thousand Austrians. During the next fifteen years, Napoleon fought nearly permanent war against Europe. His armies occupied Madrid, Rome, Vienna, Berlin, and Moscow. This required the standing conscription of young Frenchmen, usually for five years. By 1814 he had drafted... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on The Revolutionary Wars and the Rise of Napoleon |
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| The Revolutionary Wars and the Rise of Napoleon Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Napoleon Bonaparte was born the second son of a minor Italian noble on the island of Corsica. The family became French when Louis XV bought Corsica from the republic of Genoa, whose government had become exasperated with Corsican rebellion. Napoleon's father had accepted the French occupation, a French patent of nobility, and a position in the government of Corsica. This enabled him to send the nine-year-old Napoleon to the Royal Military Academy for sons of the aristocracy in 1778. The poor, skinny, provincial Bonaparte was unpopular, but he was a good student. His mathematic skills determined his future: The artillery needed officers who could calculate trajectories... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on The Reign of Terror during French Revolution |
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| The Reign of Terror during French Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The crisis began with the war against the European coalition. In early 1793 the Austrians defeated the armies of General Dumouriez in the Austrian Netherlands and moved toward the French frontier. While the French braced themselves for an invasion, Dumouriez stunned them by defecting to the allies, making military catastrophe seem imminent. In addition to the Austrians on the northern frontier, Prussians were besieging French forts in the east, Italian troops were invading from the southeast, the Spanish army had crossed the southern border, and the English navy was threatening several ports. In Paris, many people agreed that the war effort required desperate measures... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on Europe and the French Revolution |
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| Europe and the French Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The arrest of Louis XVI accelerated the growth of counterrevolutionary opinion. The most dramatic expression of this in France had been emigration from the country. The emigres (those who fled) had been led by the king's younger brother and future successor, the count of Artois, who left in July 1789. Each major event of the revolution increased the number of emigres. The total ultimately reached 104,000. Adding twenty-five thousand people who were deported (chiefly nonjuring priests), 2 percent to 3 percent of the population left France. Most emigres came from the third estate, but priests and aristocrats fled at higher rates. In contrast, counterrevolutionary emigration to Canada... |
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| Free Essay on Early Modern History» |
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| Essay on The Legacy of Aristotle in the Middle Ages |
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| The Legacy of Aristotle in the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived in the 300s B.C. His ideas had a profound influence on medieval Islamic and Christian scholars. Much of Aristotle's thinking was based on analysis and observation. He explored principles of logic, and he studied the natural world. He also speculated about morality and about the nature of existence. Aristotle's approach was attractive to many medieval thinkers, who appreciated his logic and attention to detail. It was also threatening because his ideas appeared to challenge religious writings and beliefs; Aristotle did not even mention God in his work. Muslim scholars wrote works that developed Aristotle's ideas further... |
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| Free Essay on Medieval History» |
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| Essay on Medieval Archives |
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| Medieval Archives Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. Archives are collections of records saved for legal or historical purposes. Many archives were kept during the Middle Ages. Those that survive provide valuable information about many different aspects of medieval life. The word archive comes from the ancient Greek word archeion, which means a ruler's document collection. The term now includes any significant set of records, whether saved by the state, the church, or a private individual or institution. Collections of books are usually not counted. Sets of books kept for study or interest are known as libraries, even though many books are actually kept with everyday archival material. The Byzantine Empire is known to have kept extensive archives... |
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| Free Essay on Medieval History» |
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| Essay on Kingdom of Aragon During the Middle Ages |
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| Kingdom of Aragon During the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. During the Middle Ages, Aragon grew from a small area in northeastern Spain into an important power. It became one of two major kingdoms that combined to create modern Spain. When the Muslims invaded the Spanish peninsula in 711, they forced the Visigothic rulers to retreat to the northern coastal and mountain areas. With the help of the Franks under Charlemagne, however, the Muslim advance was halted. The northern areas had to pay tribute to the Muslims, but they remained independent. Aragon, in the middle of the mountains, became known as a land of barons and lords, because it had no king. For a while, Aragon was dominated by the neighboring mountain kingdom of Navarre... |
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| Free Essay on Medieval History» |
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| Essay on Arabic Numerals in the Middle Ages |
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| Arabic Numerals in the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. Arabic numerals have their roots in Hindu numerals. In the late 1100s, the system reached Western Europe, with the addition of a symbol to represent zero. At first, there was resistance to using the new system, and it was not widely accepted until the late 1300s. Arabic numerals are really Hindu-Arabic numerals. The system originally developed in India during the 500s or earlier, then spread to the Islamic world. In the late 1100s, it reached Western Europe via Muslim Spain. The Byzantines did not learn about the system until a century later. Arabic numerals are the ones commonly used today. They have played a crucial part in the development of mathematics and science. The system... |
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| Free Essay on Medieval History» |
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| Essay on Arabic Poetry and Prose in the Middle Ages |
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| Arabic Poetry and Prose in the Middle Ages Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Medieval History. The tradition of Arabic poetry dates from before the beginning of Islam. The nomadic desert tribes listened to poems that were memorized and performed by professional reciters. Some poems sang the praises of the poet's tribe. Others told the adventures of a particular hero or mourned the death of a friend or relative. These early Bedouin poems emphasized virtues such as courage and generosity. Both the action and the setting, such as a camel ride through forbidding deserts, were vividly described. Powerful images were used. In one poem, palm trees are described whose "topmost heads of foliage waving in every wind are like girls that pull at one another's hair." The most famous poet... |
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| Essay on The Survival of the Maya |
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| The Survival of the Maya Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Throughout the long history of the Maya, the powerful and wealthy city-states were built through the intense labor of the common workers. The cities thrived, and their people ate the maize and beans the farmers grew. But eventually, one by one, all of the great Maya cities and city-states collapsed and were abandoned. The farmers in many cases were forced to move to another location, mainly to be around a secure water source. In many of the Peten (Guatemala) regions, farming communities were either severely reduced by malnutrition and disease after the decline of the city-states, or the people simply moved away. In the northern Yucatan lowlands, and in isolated areas throughout the Maya world, the rise... |
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| Free Essay on Mesoamerican Civilizations» |
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| Essay on The Rise of the Aztecs |
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| The Rise of the Aztecs The Aztec empire was at its peak when the Spanish conquistadores arrived in 1519. The first soldiers who arrived with the expedition of Spanish commander Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) were amazed by the civilization they found in the Valley of Mexico. The size, magnificence, beauty, wealth, order, cleanliness, and sophistication of the capital city of Tenochtitlan rivaled the top European cities of the time, and outdid them in many ways. At the same time, however, the conquistadors were horrified by the massive human sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs, usually in very gruesome ways. Many noted (as most people still do today) the odd combination of sophistication and brutality of the Aztecs. Few of the Spanish conquistadores who described the Aztecs noted... |
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| Free Essay on Mesoamerican Civilizations» |
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| Essay on The Modern Descendents of Aztecs |
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| The Modern Descendents of Aztecs Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Experts estimate there are about 1.5 million descendants of the Aztec empire living in Mexico in the twenty-first century. Some speak only Spanish, some speak only Nahuatl, and others speak both languages fluently. The Nahuatl spoken in the twenty-first century has been heavily influenced by Spanish, and Spanish has also been influenced by Nahuatl. Many of the customs and arts found in present-day Mexico are also a cross between native and Spanish cultures. A good example of the blend of Aztec and Spanish cultures is the celebration of the Days of the Dead (in Spanish, "Los dias de los muertos") beginning on October 31 and running through November 2 every year. Days of the Dead traditions go back... |
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| Free Essay on Mesoamerican Civilizations» |
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| Essay on The Aztec Empire: 1427 to 1521 |
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| The Aztec Empire: 1427 to 1521 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. At the end of their first hundred years in Tenochtitlan, the Aztec kings were still under the control of the Tepanec emperors of Azcapotzalco. With the help of Aztec warriors the Tepanecs had become the most powerful people of the Valley of Mexico. The arrangement between the Aztecs and Tepanecs had been satisfactory to both for many years, but as Tenochtitlan grew in power, its leaders wanted to rule the valley. The Tepanec leaders, fearing the increasing power of the Aztecs, tried to suppress them, demanding greater amounts of tribute. The Alcohuans, a Nahuatl-speaking (the language spoken by the Aztecs and many other groups in the Valley of Mexico) people who had migrated to the... |
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| Free Essay on Mesoamerican Civilizations» |
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| Essay on The First Mesoamerican Calendar Systems |
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| The First Mesoamerican Calendar Systems Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Sociology. Based on the evidence available, it appears the earliest writing in Mesoamerica stemmed from attempts to put a date and name on carvings of defeated enemies or victorious battles. No one knows for certain where the first calendar systems arose in Mesoamerica, but two very likely places are the Olmec heartland (the central region of a cultural group, where their traditional values and customs are practiced) and Monte Alban. Every Mesoamerican society from the Olmecs forward used a calendar system that combined two calendars: the sacred 260-day calendar and the practical 365-day solar calendar. The 260-day calendar was composed of 20 consecutive day-names combined with the numerals 1 to 13... |
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| Essay on Joshua Humphreys Biography |
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| Joshua Humphreys Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. A Quaker by birth, Joshua Humphreys was trained as a shipwright in Philadelphia, and because his master died before the end of his apprenticeship, he ended up running a shipyard when he was only 20 years old. Despite his pacifist Quaker background, Humphreys was an ardent Whig during the Revolutionary War (1775-83), and he outfitted at least a dozen privateers and supervised the construction of the Continental frigate Randolph... |
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| Free Essay on Revolutionary War & War of 1812» |
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| Essay on Isaac Hull Biography |
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| Isaac Hull Biography Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. One of the greatest naval heroes of the War of 1812 (1812-15), Isaac Hull was born in Connecticut, went to sea when he was 14, and worked his way up to commanding merchant ships by 1794. Despite his skill as a seaman, he was unlucky in the business aspects of being a merchant captain and therefore eagerly joined the U.S. Navy as a lieutenant in 1798, an appointment that was in large part due to the influence of his uncle, William Hull... |
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| Free Essay on Revolutionary War & War of 1812» |
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| Research Paper on The Huddy-Asgill Affair |
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| The Huddy-Asgill Affair Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Although the Revolutionary War (1775-83) was winding down in spring 1782, and the regular armies sought to avoid contact and let the peace process follow its course, the irregular warfare between Loyalists and Revolutionary partisans remained intense in areas between the British forces and Continental army. The Huddy-Asgill affair was one result of this internecine conflict... |
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| Free Essay on Revolutionary War & War of 1812» |
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| Essay on General William Howe |
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| General William Howe Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. Many scholars believe that William Howe could have won the Revolutionary War (1775-83). As commander of the British army from autumn 1775 to spring 1778, he squandered repeated opportunities to annihilate General George Washington and the Continental army. Whether this evaluation is correct or not, Howe played a central role in the drama that led to the independence of the United States... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 27, 1814) |
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| The Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 27, 1814) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on American Revolution. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, between U.S. forces and the militant Creek faction known as the Red Sticks, effectively ended the Creek War (1813-14). By March 1814, in what is now Alabama, about 1,000 Red Stick warriors and 400 women and children had assembled at a town called Tohopeka... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Passchendaele (1917) |
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| The Battle of Passchendaele Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Passchendaele is the name of a small village in Belgium, as well as the popular name for the third battle of Ypres, which lasted from July to November 1917. Passchendaele Ridge, a fortified elevated position that the Germans had captured in 1914, overlooked the front line near Ypres. The British commander General Douglas Haig regarded it as the key point in the overall Ypres battle. As usual, preparations for the battle consisted of a massive artillery attack that, in addition to giving the Germans prior notice of British intentions, turned the rain-soaked battlefield into a sea of mud. Advancing British soldiers found themselves waist-deep in the mud, and many actually drowned. They could... |
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| Free Essay on World War I History» |
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| Essay on The Meuse-Argonne Offensive - WW1 |
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| The Meuse-Argonne Offensive - WW1 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the final Allied offensive of the war, in September 1918, attempted to break through the Hindenburg line (also known as the Siegfried line), which stretched across the width of the western front. The Allied plan called for British troops to attack on one flank of the line, with Americans on the opposite flank and the French in the middle. American forces under the command of General John Joseph Pershing were assigned the task of penetrating the line in the area between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest, a heavily fortified sector, where the Germans had been building defenses for three years. It was clear that the Americans were given the most... |
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| Free Essay on World War I History» |
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| Essay on The Sinking of the Lusitania (1915) |
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| The Sinking of the Lusitania (1915) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Early in 1915, the first full year of World War I, Germany announced that its submarines (U-boats) would attack all Allied ships, including noncombatant vessels. In May of that year, the British liner RMS Lusitania, the world's largest and most luxurious passenger ship, set sail from New York, bound for England. The voyage was uneventful until May 7, 1915, when the ship, rounding the Irish coast, was hit by a torpedo from a German U-boat. A few moments later, a second explosion tore through the ship's bow, this one probably the result of coal gas ignited by the first. This second explosion proved to be fatal, and the ship sank in less than 20 minutes. Of the 1,900 passengers onboard... |
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| Essay on The Battle of Gallipoli (1915) |
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| The Battle of Gallipoli (1915) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In 1915, the stalemate on the Western Front compelled the Allies to look elsewhere for a breakthrough that would bring the war to a swift conclusion. In the British war cabinet, Winston Churchill, then first lord of the admiralty, argued eloquently for a combined land-sea offensive in the Dardanelles, the 40-mile strait separating southeast Europe from Asia. The plan called for an expedition that would establish naval control of the strait, followed by the capture of Constantinople (now Istanbul), thereby establishing a direct connection with Russian forces fighting the Turks in the Caucusus. In March 1915, the naval plan was put into action. It failed--due to the effective mining... |
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| Free Essay on World War I History» |
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| Essay on The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (1914) |
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| The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (1914) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In 1878, the Austro-Hungarian imperial army occupied the province of Bosnia-Herzegovina, even though the province was nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1908, Austria announced its formal annexation, despite a storm of protests from Turkey and the major nations of Europe, who saw the move as a further destabilization of a region already on the brink of war. Opposition was even stronger within Bosnia itself, whose strong Serbian majority desired independence, like that of their fellow Serbs in neighboring Serbia. In the years that followed, increasingly militant opponents of Austrian rule emerged both in Bosnia and Serbia. Among the latter was "the Black Hand," a... |
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| Essay on The Postwar Restructuring of Germany |
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| The Postwar Restructuring of Germany Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. At the end of World War II, Germany lay devastated, the country divided and occupied by the victorious Allied powers. Ultimately the national scale would survive, but in altered form. Two distinct German nation-states, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), joined Austria and Switzerland, whose prewar borders were preserved. Both German states and Austria were subordinated in an international system marked by the rivalry of the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. In the postwar political order of central Europe, the international scale took on a new significance. In the FRG, the basic structures of the liberal state... |
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| Free Essay on World War II History» |
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| Essay on The Neutral Nations in WW2 |
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| The Neutral Nations in WW2 Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Few major nations chose or were able to remain neutral during World War II. Belgium proclaimed neutrality, but was brutally invaded during Germany's initial assault on the West. The Netherlands had received assurances from Adolf Hitler that its neutrality would be respected, but it, too, was invaded during the Battle of France. The United States adhered to its Neutrality Acts, although increasingly close cooperation with the British marked an unmistakable drift toward war until the Battle of Pearl Harbor forced Franklin D. Roosevelt's hand. The Republic of Ireland remained neutral throughout the war, largely because of its long history of hostility toward Great Britain. It was the only... |
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| Free Essay on World War II History» |
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| Essay on The Rape of Nanking |
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| The Rape of Nanking Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Also called the Nanking Massacre and (in Japan), the Nanking Incident, the Rape of Nanking describes the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army in and around Nanking (Nanjing), which was the capital of China at the time of the city's fall to the Japanese on December 13, 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War. Japanese soldiers entered Nanking on December 13 and over at least the next six weeks committed atrocities including looting, rape, arson, and the wanton slaughter of noncombatant civilians and prisoners of war. Modern Chinese historians adhere to the Chinese Communist Party estimates that some 300,000 civilians were killed in Nanking. Some of these victims may in fact have been... |
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| Free Essay on World War II History» |
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| Essay on MI5 (British Military Intelligence) |
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| MI5 (British Military Intelligence) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. During World War II, the British security service MI5 shared with MI6 and the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police authority for evaluating and advising the government on intelligence relating to national security. MI5 provided intelligence to aid in defense against espionage, sabotage, and political subversion. The personnel of MI5 and MI6 often came into conflict over matters of jurisdiction. Originally, when the two agencies were established under the War Office before World War I, MI5 (created in 1909 by Sir Vernon Kell) was responsible for intelligence within the United Kingdom to a limit of three miles off the coastline. Additionally, MI5 could cooperate in intelligence... |
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| Essay on The Japanese Kamikaze Pilots |
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| The Japanese Kamikaze Pilots Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The Japanese word kamikaze, commonly translated as "divine wind," refers to a legendary typhoon that is believed to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281. During World War II (and in the present day as well) the word has been used in English to refer to suicide attacks made principally by Japanese pilots. The Japanese themselves reserved (and continue to reserve) kamikaze to describe only the 1281 typhoon. A World War II suicide attack unit was officially called tokubetsu kogeki tai, "special attack unit," and was usually shortened to tokkotai. The Imperial Japanese Navy called its suicide squads shinpu tokubetsu kogeki tai; the word shinpu uses the same characters that... |
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