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Credit for the success of the Roman Empire is certainly given to the Roman Legion, the strongest military force in antiquity. Josephus of Galilee wrote, "The Romans are unbeatably strong, especially because of their obedience and practice at arms. In the Roman camp there is nothing that happens without the word of command. In short, no disorder disperses them from their usual formation, no fear confounds them, no labor exhausts them, and certain victory follows against those unequal in these respects." In their conquest, the Romans met little resistance because they used diplomacy to make alliances with native rulers who would fight alongside them or provide logistical support. As the Rome's military grew in strength and reputation, native rulers would rather negotiate than go to war. The difference between collaboration and resistance can be seen in comparing the outcomes of Pergamum and Dacia. Pergamum's last ruler bequeathed the city-state to Rome and their Hellenistic culture survived. Dacia on the other hand chose war and was laid to waste, much the same as Carthage, and was re-settled by foreign colonists.

Rome used positive incentives as well as the threat of war to maintain the Empire. Rome's rulers welcomed native aristocrats as fellow citizens. This was possible because citizenship in the ancient world was not defined by nationality. Native aristocrats acquired a taste for Mediterranean luxury and refinement and "becoming Roman" was the only way to acquire them. Rome was eager to share its privileges because it understood that if the empire was to be stable and endure, it required wide foundations. The historian Tacitus wrote of his father-in-law, the governor of Britain, description of the Britons, "And so they were gradually led into the demoralizing vices of porticoes, baths and grand dinner parties. The naive Britons described these things as 'civilization', when in fact they were simply part of their enslavement." The country gentry were organized into a class of town councilors. Most continued to draw their income from estates, but they took up urban residence, became patrons of the arts, contributed to the cost of public buildings, and joined the political fray. This was another area where Rome differed from other empires; it gave a share of power to its population. Rome allowed even provincials to become senators and ultimately emperors. "For the Romans, extension of the franchise was key to their success, from the mechanism of the Latin Right in early Italy to the granting of citizenship to all the inhabitants of the empire under Caracalla." Native aristocrats drove the Romanization process and this became the developed language of rank, status and 'good taste' in the Roman Empire's golden age. . .

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