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| You Are Here: Home > Essay Topics > History Topics for Essays & Research Papers > Early Modern History |
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|  Essay on Warfare in Early Modern Period |
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| Warfare in Early Modern Period Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The period 1490-1700 was one of increased interaction among areas of the world. Most active in this process were the Atlantic European powers, along with a number of other expansive powers, including in Europe the Ottomans and Russia. Military success was as much a matter of political incorporation as of technological strength, and incorporation depended on the successful allocation of the burdens of supporting military structures. The raising of men, supplies, and money was the aspect of military organization most important to the states of the preindustrial world, and the ease of the process was significant to the harmony of political entities and thus to the effectiveness of their... |
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| Essay on Warfare in Early Modern Period » |
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| Essay on The Napoleonic Wars |
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| The Napoleonic Wars Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Napoleon devoted most of his time to war; he stayed in France for only one-third of the days in his reign. When he became First Consul in 1799, France was at war with the remnants of the Second Coalition. France still relied on the numerical strength provided by the levee en masse, but battles were comparatively small. Napoleon's victory at Arcola, for example, had matched twenty thousand French soldiers against seventeen thousand Austrians. During the next fifteen years, Napoleon fought nearly permanent war against Europe. His armies occupied Madrid, Rome, Vienna, Berlin, and Moscow. This required the standing conscription of young Frenchmen, usually for five years. By 1814 he had drafted... |
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| Essay on The Napoleonic Wars » |
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| Essay on The Revolutionary Wars and the Rise of Napoleon |
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| The Revolutionary Wars and the Rise of Napoleon Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Napoleon Bonaparte was born the second son of a minor Italian noble on the island of Corsica. The family became French when Louis XV bought Corsica from the republic of Genoa, whose government had become exasperated with Corsican rebellion. Napoleon's father had accepted the French occupation, a French patent of nobility, and a position in the government of Corsica. This enabled him to send the nine-year-old Napoleon to the Royal Military Academy for sons of the aristocracy in 1778. The poor, skinny, provincial Bonaparte was unpopular, but he was a good student. His mathematic skills determined his future: The artillery needed officers who could calculate trajectories... |
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| Essay on The Revolutionary Wars and the Rise of Napoleon » |
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| Essay on The Reign of Terror during French Revolution |
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| The Reign of Terror during French Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The crisis began with the war against the European coalition. In early 1793 the Austrians defeated the armies of General Dumouriez in the Austrian Netherlands and moved toward the French frontier. While the French braced themselves for an invasion, Dumouriez stunned them by defecting to the allies, making military catastrophe seem imminent. In addition to the Austrians on the northern frontier, Prussians were besieging French forts in the east, Italian troops were invading from the southeast, the Spanish army had crossed the southern border, and the English navy was threatening several ports. In Paris, many people agreed that the war effort required desperate measures... |
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| Essay on The Reign of Terror during French Revolution » |
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| Essay on Europe and the French Revolution |
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| Europe and the French Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The arrest of Louis XVI accelerated the growth of counterrevolutionary opinion. The most dramatic expression of this in France had been emigration from the country. The emigres (those who fled) had been led by the king's younger brother and future successor, the count of Artois, who left in July 1789. Each major event of the revolution increased the number of emigres. The total ultimately reached 104,000. Adding twenty-five thousand people who were deported (chiefly nonjuring priests), 2 percent to 3 percent of the population left France. Most emigres came from the third estate, but priests and aristocrats fled at higher rates. In contrast, counterrevolutionary emigration to Canada... |
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| Essay on Europe and the French Revolution » |
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| Essay on The Beginning of the French Revolution |
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| The Beginning of the French Revolution Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Faced with bankruptcy, Louis XVI promised his critics in November 1787 that he would hold elections for the Estates General (the first since 1614) within five years. Under continuing pressure, Louis finally agreed that representatives from each of the three estates (the clergy, the aristocracy, and all others) that comprised the population of France could assemble in May 1789. His decision launched the first modern political debate in French history. Should the third estate (97 percent of the population) have more deputies than the others? Should the three estates meet together or separately? Such issues produced a flood of political pamphlets. The most famous of these was... |
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| Essay on The Beginning of the French Revolution » |
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| Essay on Catherine the Great and Despotism in Russia |
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| Catherine the Great and Despotism in Russia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The 18th century began in Russia, as it did in France, with one of the most powerful autocrats of the 17th century still holding the throne. When Peter the Great of Russia died in 1725, he left behind a royal succession even more troubled than Louis XIV's legacy to France. The French got a five-year-old king and a resurgent aristocracy; the Russians got a generation of chaotic government in which one heir to the throne was tortured to death, one former serf was crowned, and a council of nobles exercised central power in Russia until 1762 when a strong monarch, Catherine II, arrived on the throne. Catherine was the daughter of an impoverished German duke who had married her... |
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| Essay on The Rise of Hohenzollern Prussia |
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| The Rise of Hohenzollern Prussia Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. One of the most important political facts of the 18th century was the rise of Prussia. The elector of Brandenburg had acquired the province of Prussia in the 17th century, making the combined state of Brandenburg-Prussia an important, but still secondary, German state. The Holy Roman Empire recognized this state as the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. It was an absolute monarchy with an impotent Diet and obedient aristocracy, known as the Junker class. It was one of the most autocratic states in Europe, but strict, able administration by the House of Hohenzollern provided a solid basis for development. The ruler at the beginning of the century, Frederick I, did little to advance Prussia... |
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| Essay on The Rise of Hohenzollern Prussia » |
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| Essay on The Habsburg Empire of Maria Theresa |
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| The Habsburg Empire of Maria Theresa Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. In contrast to Britain, where Parliament had broken the power of the king, or to France, where the resurgent aristocracy was restricting the power of the king, in Austria the Habsburg family still held nearly absolute power during the 18th century. The political evolution in Austria--known as enlightened despotism--showed how monarchy could respond to new problems. The Habsburg Empire dominated Germanic central Europe at the start of the 18th century, dwarfing its rivals in size, population, and military might. Prussia numbered only 1.6 million persons and Bavaria 2.0 million; the Habsburg lands held 11.0 million. In the first decades of the century, Habsburg armies under the... |
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| Essay on The Habsburg Empire of Maria Theresa » |
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| Essay on Monarchy of Bourbon France |
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| Monarchy of Bourbon France Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The French monarchy carried the powers of absolutism into the 18th century: Louis XIV, le Roi Soleil (the Sun King), the most powerful of the 17th-century monarchs, died in 1715 after the longest reign in the history of European monarchy, nearly seventy-three years. Advocates of limiting absolutism had placed their hopes in the heirs of Louis XIV, but within a single year (1711-12), Louis's son, grandson, and eldest great-grandson all died. The death of Louis XIV consequently brought to the throne his five-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV, who would reign for most of the 18th century (from 1715 to 1774). Louis XIV had practiced the distrustful but shrewd administrative principle of... |
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| Essay on Monarchy of Bourbon France » |
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| Essay on The Building of Spanish Empire |
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| The Building of Spanish Empire Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. These were the circumstances under which the dynastic union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile was forged in the late fifteenth century. Economic and social dislocation coupled with conflicts over succession in Castile and revolution in Catalonia served as a backdrop for the emergence of a new Spanish polity under the rule of Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516) and Isabella of Castile. From 1479 to 1504 these monarchs pursued a coordinated policy of foreign and domestic affairs. Though the historic charters of the Crown of Aragon were held as inviolable in this union, the administration of the conjoined kingdoms was increasingly carried out from, and in the broad interests of, Castile... |
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| Essay on The Building of Spanish Empire » |
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| Essay on Colonialism |
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| Colonialism Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. Modern colonialism, which exploded during the 19th century, may be defined as the social, economic, political, and administrative measures powerful nations use to exercise control over less powerful people or less developed regions. By the time of World War I, many European nations--France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, and, supremely, Great Britain--had relentlessly expanded. The United States played its colonial hand shrewdly too, acquiring Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, and portions of Cuba. World War I had a decisive impact on the international colonial scene. Germany and the Ottoman Empire lost the few colonial possessions they had left... |
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| Essay on Colonialism » |
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| Essay on New Spain |
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| New Spain Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. New Spain was the name given to one of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire from 1525 to 1821. New Spain's territory included what is now Mexico and Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica), and nearly all of the southwest United States, including all or parts of the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. New Spain was organized into several subdivisions, including Nueva Extremadura, Nueva Galicia, Nueva Vizcaya and Nuevo Santander, as well as the Captaincies General of Guatemala, Cuba and Santo Domingo. The northern boundary of New Spain remained undefined until the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819... |
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| Essay on New Spain » |
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| Essay on The Age of Discovery |
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| The Age of Discovery Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The so-called Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. In the process, Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them. Among the most famous explorers of the period were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Alvares Cabral, John Cabot, Yermak, Juan Ponce de Leon, and Ferdinand Magellan. The Age of Exploration was rooted in new technologies and ideas growing out of the Renaissance, these included advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding. Many people... |
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| Essay on The Age of Discovery » |
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| Essay on The British Empire |
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| The British Empire Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The British Empire was the world's first global power and the largest empire in human history, a product of the European Age of Exploration that began with the global maritime empires of Portugal and Spain in the late 15th century. By 1921, the British Empire held sway over a population of about 470-570 million people -- roughly a quarter of the world's population -- and covered about 15 million square miles (nearly 37 million square kilometres), almost a third of the world's total land area. By the second quarter of the eighteenth century, the British Empire comprehended the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, the islands of the Caribbean and the British mainland colonies of North America... |
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| Essay on The British Empire » |
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| Essay on American Civil War |
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| American Civil War Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on History. The South lacked many important production facilities and depended on trade from Britain, France, and others. Therefore the United States placed and maintained a blockade to prevent the south from receiving these supplies. This would devastate the south and decrease the length of the war. Another disadvantage to the south is the possibility of the 3.6 million slaves turning their backs on the south and taking up arms. The slaves had great reasons for turning on the south and helping the north. Following the bloodless battle of Fort Sumter on April 12th was the 1st Battle of Bull Run. This was the first major battle in the war and the first battle in which both sides suffered casualties. 3 On July 16, 1861... |
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| Essay on American Civil War » |
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