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After the fall of France in June 1940, the German general staff began its preparations for the invasion of England. The invasion was to be preceded by massive air attacks, designed, in the words of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) chief, Field Marshal Goring, "to have the enemy . . . down on its knees in the nearest future so that an occupation of the island by our troops can proceed without any risk." Goring's overconfidence suffered serious setbacks from the beginning of the battle. Although the Luftwaffe had a greater number of trained pilots, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had more planes, and the British fighter planes--Spitfires and Hurricanes--were equal, if not superior, to the German Messerschmitts Bf 109 and Bf 110. The British enjoyed the additional advantage of being close to their own bases, whereas the German pilots were constantly threatened by a lack of fuel. Also invaluable to the English cause were the 50 warning stations throughout Britain, equipped with the new British invention, radar. The unacknowledged hero of the battle, British air chief marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, who, in the prewar years championed the development of radar, devised the brilliant RAF defensive strategy.

In early August, the Germans began air attacks on airfields in southern England, suffering severe losses both from ground fire and the RAF. After a month of aerial battle, German losses had risen to an unacceptable level, and Adolf Hitler shifted his strategy to air attacks on London and other major cities in the hopes of completely demoralizing the British civilian population. Here again the Germans seriously underestimated the will of the people and its indomitable Prime Minister Winston Churchill. If anyone was demoralized, it was the Luftwaffe when, on September 15, the RAF shot down 60 German bombers in one day. By October, a seaborne invasion was no longer feasible, and Germany decided to postpone the invasion while maintaining air attacks on English cities. The English nation had scored its first, and most important, victory of the war. Churchill's famous tribute to the RAF eloquently summarized the triumph: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few..."

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